RBSE Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy
RBSE Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of Indian Economy
RBSE Class 10 Social Science Sectors of Indian Economy InText Questions and Answers
Page-21
Question 1.
Complete the table to show how Sectors are dependent on each other.
Answer:
| TABLE 2.1 EXAMPLE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES | |
| EXAMPLE | WHAT DOES THIS SHOW? |
| Imagine what would happen if farmers refuse to sell sugarcane to a particualr sugar mill. The mill will have to shut down. | This is an example of the secondary on industrial sector being dependent on the primary. |
| Imagine what would happen to cotton cultivation if companies decide not to buy cotton from the Indian market and import all cotton they need from other countries. Indian cotton cultivation will become less profitable and the farmers may even go bankrupt, if they cannot quickly switch to other crops. Cotton prices will fall. | This is an example of primary sector being dependent upon secondary sector. |
| Farmers buy many goods such as tractors, pumpsets, electricity, pesticides and fertilisers. Imagine what would happen if the price of fertilisers or pump sets go up. Cost of cultivation of the farmers will rise and their profits will be reduced. | This is an example of primary sector being dependent upon secondary sector. |
| People working in industrial and service sector need food. Imagine what would happen if there is, a strike by transporters and lorries refuse to take vegetables, milk, etc. from rural areas. Food will become scarce in urban areas whereas farmers will be unable to sell their products. | This is an example of primary and secondary secton being dependent upon tertiary sector. |
Page-21 (Let’s work these out)
Question 2.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary sectors using examples other than those mentioned in the text.
Answer:
Primary Sector- It includes all those economic activities which are connected with extraction and production of natural resources, e.g. mining, agriculture, fishing, dairy, forestry etc.
Secondary Sector- It includes all those activities which are concerned with the processing of material which have already been extracted at the primary stage. e.g. manufacturing of sugar from sugarcane etc.
Tertiary Sector- It is concerned with providing support services to primary and secondary sectors. It includes transport, banking and insurance etc.
Question 3.
Classify the following list of occupations under primary, secondary and tertiary sectors-
Answer:
Activities Included in Primary Sector- Flower cultivator, fishermen, gardener and bee-keeper.
Activities Included in Secondary Sector- Basket weaver, workers in match factory, potter.
Activities Included in Terrtiary Sector- Tailor, milk vendor, priest, courier, money lender, astronaut, call centre employee.
Page-23 (Let’s work these out)
Question 1.
What does the hiștory of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?
Answer:
The history of developed nations indicates that at initial stages of development, primary sector is the most important sector of economic activity. As the development takes place in the country the contribution of secondary sector increases and when a nation becomes developed, there is maximum contribution of service sector in the national income of that nation. In developed nations most of the working people are also employed in service sector and the least employment is there in primary sector.
Page-24 (Let’s work these out)
Answer the following questions by looking at the graph-1.
Graph-1: GDP by Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors
Question 1.
Which was the largest producing sector in 1973-74 ?
Answer:
The largest producing sector in 1973-74 was primary sector.
Question 2.
Which is the largest producing sector in 2013-14 ?
Answer:
The largest producing sector in 2013-14 is tertiary sector.
Question 3.
Can you say which sector has grown the most over forty year?
Answer:
Tertiary sector has grown the most over forty year.
Question 4.
What was the GDP of India in 2013-14 ?
Answer:
The GDP of India in 2013-14 was ₹ 56,50,000 crore.
Page-27 (Let’s work these out)
Question 1.
Complete the table using the data given in Graphs-2 and 3 and answer the question that follows. Ignore if data are not available for some years.
| TABLE 2.2 SHARE OF PRIMARY SECTOR IN GDP AND EMPLOYMENT | ||||
| 1972-73 | 1973-74 | 2011-12 | 2013-14 | |
| Share in GDP | ||||
| Share in employment | ||||
What are the changes that your observe in the primary sector over a span of forty years?
Answer:
| SHARE OF PRIMARY SECTOR IN GDP AND EMPLOYMENT | ||||
| 1972-73 | 1973-74 | 2011-12 | 2013-14 | |
| Share in GDP | – | 39 % | – | 13 % |
| Share in employment | 74 % | – | 49 % | – |
Following change are observed in the primary sector over a span of forty years-
(i) Over a span of forty years, in comparison to 1973-74 there has been a trend of rapid decrease in share of primary sector in GDP in 201314.
(ii) In comparison to 1972-73 the share of primary sector in employment decreases at very slow rate in 2011-12.
Question 2.
Choose the correct answer-
Underemployment occurs when people-
(i) do not want to work
(ii) are working in a lazy manner
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing
(iv) are not paid for their work.
Answer:
(iii) are working less than what they are capable of doing.
Question 3.
Compare and contrast the changes in India with the pattern that was observed for developed countries. What kind of changes between sectors were desired but did not happen in India?
Answer:
Primary Sector- In developed nations in the initial stage of development, primary sector was the important sector in terms of production and employment. In the initial stages of development the same was there in India.
Secondary Sector- In developed nations, with the development, Secondary sector becomes important in the point of view of output and employment. But in India this sector is still lagging behind in employment and output.
Tertiary Sector- At the higher stages of development, tertiary sector contributes the maximum share in gross domestic product of developed nations. Whereas in India the tertiary sector contributes the largest share in GDP but still primary sector is the largest employment providing sector of India.
Question 4.
Why should we be worried about underemployment?
Answer:
Many types of unemployment is found in India. Underemployment is basic feature of agriculture in India. In under-employment people seem to be working but their marginal productivity is zero. If they are removed from work there is no decrease in total production. If these people are provided employment in other sectors, they become more productive and this will increase national income and per-capita income and the problem of unemployment and poverty can be solved. So it is important to think over the problem of under-employment.
Page-29 (Let’s work these out)
Question 1.
Why do you think MGNREGA 2005 is referred to as “Right to work”?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA 2005) is a law which is implemented by government of India. All districts in rural areas were brought under this act with effect from 1 April, 2008. It is referred as “Right to work” because it guarantees 100 days of employment in a year by the government to all those who are able to work and in case of failure unemployment allowance will be given.
Question 3.
How would income and employment increase if farmers were provided with irrigation and marketing facilities?
Answer:
- Irrigation facilities will help the farmers to take a second crop, say wheat, during a rabi season which will help providing employment to more persons and lead to increase income.
- Marketing facilities will help farmers to get food price for their produce and also provide employment in related activities like transport and warehousing etc.
Question 4.
In what ways can employment be increased in urban areas?
Answer:
Business activities and development of service sector will increase employment opportunities in urban areas.
Page-31 (Let’s work these out)
Question 1.
Look at the following examples. Which of these are unorganised sector activities?
(i) A teacher taking classes in a school.
(ii) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(iii) A farmer irrigating her field.
(iv) A doctor in a hospital treating a patient.
(v) A daily wage labourer working under a contractor.
(vi) A factory worker going to work in a big factory.
(vii) A handloom weaver working in her house.
Answer:
The following activities belong to unorganised sector-
(i) A headload worker carrying a bag of cement on his back in a market.
(ii) A farmer irrigating his field.
(iii) A daily wage earner working under a contractor.
(iv) A handloom weaver working in her house.
Question 3
How would you distinguish between organised and unorganised sectors? Explain in your own words.
Answer:
Unorganised Sector- It consists of small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. It is characterised by low-paid and insecure jobs. Rules and regulations are not followed, workers do not get benefits like provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits, paid leave etc.
Organised Sector- It consists of those units in which people have assured work and terms of employment are regular. Rules and regulations given in various laws are followed as they are registered by the government. Workers have secure jobs: Working hours are fixed and overtime for extra work is provided. Workers get benefits like provident fund, gratuity, paid leaves, medical benefits etc.
Question 4.
The table below shows the estimated number of workers in India in the organised and unorganised sectors. Read the table carefully. Fill in the missing data and answer the questions that follow :
Table : 2.3 WORKERS IN DIFFERENT SECTORS (IN MILLIONS)
| Sector | Organised | Unorganised | Total |
| Primary | 1 | 232 | |
| Secondary | 41 | 74 | 115 |
| Tertiary | 40 | 88 | |
| Total | 82 | ||
| Total in Percentage | 100 % |
(i) What is the percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture?
(ii) Do you agree that agriculture is an unorganised sector activity? Why?
(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find that ….% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about …. % of the workers in India.
Answer:
Workers in Different Sectors (in Millions)
| Sector | Organised | Unorganised | Total |
| Primary | 1 | 231 | 232 |
| Secondary | 41 | 74 | 115 |
| Tertiary | 40 | 88 | 128 |
| Total | 82 | 393 | 475 |
| Total in Percentage | 17.26% | 82.74% | 100 % |
Characteristics of unorganised sector-
(i) The percentage of people in the unorganised sector in agriculture is as follows-
231393 × 100 = 58.78%
(ii) Agriculture is an activity of unorganised sector because these are small and scattered units and here the employment period is irregular.
(iii) If we look at the country as a whole, we find 82.74% of the workers in India are in the unorganised sector. Organised sector employment is available to only about 17.26% of the workers in India.
RBSE Class 10 Social Science Sectors of Indian Economy Textbook Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket.
(i) Employment in the service sector …………. increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
(ii) Workers in the ……………. sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
(iii) Most of the workers in the …………… sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)
(iv) A ……………. proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
(v) Cotton is a ……………. product and cloth is a ………….. product. (natural / manufactured)
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are ……………. (independent l’interdependent)
Answer:
(i) has not,
(ii) tertiary,
(iii) organised,
(iv) large,
(v) natural manufactuerd,
(vi) interdependent.
Question 2.
Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of :
(i) employment conditions
(ii) the nature of economic activity
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise.
(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in …………… sector..
(i) primary
(ii) secondary
(iii) tertiary
(iv) information technology
(c) GDP is the total value of …………….. produced during a particular year.
(i) all goods and services
(ii) all final goods and services
(iii) all intermediate goods and services
(iv) all intermediate and final goods and services.
(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between …………….. per cent.
(i) 20 to 30
(ii) 30 to 40
(iii) 50 to 60
(iv) 60 to 70
Answer:
(a) (iii)
(b) (i)
(c) (ii)
(d) (iii)
Question 3.
Match the following :
| Problems faced by farming sector | Some possible measures |
| 1. Unirrigated land | (a) Setting up agro-based mills |
| 2. Low prices for crops | (b) Cooperative marketing societies |
| 3. Debt burden | (c) Procurement of food grains by government |
| 4. No job in the off season | (d) Construction of canals by the government |
| 5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest. | (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest. |
Answer:
| Problems faced by farming sector | Some possible measures |
| 1. Unirrigated land | (d) Construction of canals by the government |
| 2. Low prices for crops | (c) Procurement of food grains by government |
| 3. Debt burden | (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest. |
| 4. No job in the off season | (a) Setting up agro-based mills |
| 5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest. | (b) Cooperative marketing societies |
Question 4.
Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio.
Answer:
(i) Tourist guide- because it belongs to service sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor- because he do not have regular employment.
(iii) Cobbler- because he belongs to unorganised sector.
(iv) Jet Airways- because, it is related to private sector.
Question 5.
A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following-
| Place of work | Nature of percentage of employment | Percentage of working people |
| In offices and Organised factories registered with the government | Organised | 15 |
| Ownshops, office, clinics in market places with from all license | 15 | |
| People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers. | 20 | |
| Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government. |
Complete the table. What is the percentage of labour in unorganised sector in this city?
Answer:
| Place of work | Nature of percentage of employment | Percentage of working people |
| In offices and Organised factories registered with the government | Organized | 15 |
| Ownshops, office, clinics in market places with from all license | Organized | 15 |
| People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers. | Unorganised | 20 |
| Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government. | Unorganised | 50 |
Question 6.
Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer:
Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as it helps in estimating the relative importance in the growth in GDP of the economy. Classifying in such a way helps in calculating how much goods and services are produced and how many people work in each sector. In India tertiary sector is growing at a very fast speed which implies that the country is moving towards developed country. This type of classification helps in comparing the level of growth in different countries.
Question 7.
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer:
Economic activities are classified in three sectors-
(a) Primary sector
(b) Secondary sector
(c) Tertiary sector.
All the economic activities are included in these three sectors which are estimated on the basis of employment and gross domestic product. This classification is very useful because-
(i) It provides us information about development and business activities
(ii) This distribution provides us information about distribution of economic activities, contribution of various sectors in gross domestic product, employment status of various sectors, distribution of employment in various sectors and contribution of various sectors in GDP.
Question 8.
Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.
Answer:
Following are the major kinds of work around us-
- Agriculture activities
- Dairy farming
- Shopkeeper
- Rearing of animals
- Business
- Cottage Industry
- Potter
- Labour
- Transport
- Teacher
- Doctor
- Barber
- Vendor
- Constable
- Bank employee
- Postman
- Insurance employee
- Vegetable seller
- Tailor etc.
We can classify all the above activities in three sectors. These are as follows-
- Primary sector
- Secondary sector
- Tertiary sector.
Question 9.
How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer:
Tertiary sector includes trade, transport, communication and other services provided to the people employed in primary and secondary sector. Service sector is different from other sectors because it does not produce goods but they support the production process. For example services provided by a teacher, doctor, advocate etc. contribute in the development of primary and secondary sector. For example without communication, transport, banking etc. development of primary and secondary sectors are not possible.
Question 10.
What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer:
Disguised Unemployment- A situation in which more persons are employed on a job than are optimally required. If a part of the labour force is withdrawn, the total production remains unchanged. This withdrawn labour will be known as disguised unemployed labour.
Example in Rural Areas- Usually it has been observed that on the field the whole family of farmer is working whereas the some no. is not required. This is known as disguised unemployment.
Example in urban Areas- It implies that more people are involved in family business and shops than required.
Question 11.
Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer:
The difference between open unemployment and disguised unemployment is as follows-
(1) Open unemployment is a situation when a capable person is willing to work at existing wage rate but does not get work or he is completely without work, whereas in disguised unemployment people do not get work according to their qualifications and they are into the work but their marginal productivity is zero.
(2) Open unemployment is permanent in nature whereas disguised unemployment is temporary
Question 12.
“Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy”. Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing an important role in Indian economy.
The contribution of tertiary sector is continuously increasing in gross domestic product of India. In 1973-74 the share of tertiary sector was 48% in GDP and in 2013-14 its share has been increased to 68%. As well as employment opportunities in service sector are also increasing. Tertiary sector plays an important role in development of primary and secondary sector because it provides support to both of the sectors.
Question 13.
Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer:
Service sector employs two different kinds of people-
(1) First category includes those people whose services directly affect the production of goods and services. These services are provided to both primary and secondary sector. For example transport, storage, communication, banking, people employed in business.
(2) Those people whose services directly do not affect the production of goods and services. For example-Doctor, Advocate, Washerman, Cobbler, Barber, Internet Cafe, ATM booth, Software company etc.
Question 14.
Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer:
Yes, I agree with this view.
Labourers in the unorganised sector include agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, artisans, casual workers, street vendors etc. They suffer problems like low wages, low social status, weak bargaining power and low duration of employment. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, medical leave etc. There is no security of work. Workers can be expelled from work any time without any notice.
Question 15.
How are the activities in an economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer:
On the basis of employment conditions economic activities are classified into two sectors-
- Organised sector
- Unorganised sector.
- Organised Sector- It includes those enterprises or workplaces where the employment is regular and government rules and regulations are implemented.
2. Unorganised sector- It includes small and scatured business where there is no control of government.
Question 16.
Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sector.
Answer:
The employment opportunities available in organised and unorganised sector can be compared on the following indicators-
(1) Employment Security- Regular employment is basic feature of organised sector, whereas, there is insecurity of employment in unorganised sector.
(2) Government Control- Organised sector is under the control of government, whereas there is no control of government in unorganised sector.
(3) Government Rules and Regulations- Government rules and regulations are followed in organised sector, whereas there is no implementation of government rules and regulations in unorganised sector.
(4) Exploitation of Labour- Usually labourers are exploited in an unorganised sector, whereas there is no exploitation of labour in an organised sector.
(5) Working Hours- Working hours are fixed in organised sector, whereas working hours are not fixed in an unorganised sector.
(6) Labour Unions- Labour unions are not found in unorganised sector, whereas labour unions play an important role in organised sector.
Question 17.
Explain the objective of implementing the MGNREGA 2005.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005 (MGNREGA-2005) is a law which is implemented by government of India. It is referred to as “right to work” because it guarantees 100 days employment in a year by the government to all those who are able to work and in case of failure unemployment allowances will be given. The main aim of MGNREGA is to provide employment guarantee. It is encouraging those work which are helpful to increase land productivity in near future.
Question 18.
Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of public sector and private sectors.
Or
Explain any three differences between public sector and private sector.
Answer:
| Public Sector | Private Sector |
| 1. These enterprise are owned by the state or central government. | 1. The enterpriese are owned by private individuals. |
| 2. The object is to provide public welfare. | 2. The object is to maximise |
| 3. The are managed by bureaucrats ex. Railways, post and Telegraph, LIC etc. | 3. These are managed by professional managers e.g. Tisco, ICICI, DMCect. |
Question 19.
Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.
| Well managed organisation | Badly managed organisation |
| Public sector | |
| Private sector |
Answer:
| Sectors | Well managed organisation | Badly managed organisation |
| Public sector | State Bank of India | State Transport Nigams |
| Private sector | ICICI Bank | G. D. Hospital |
Question 20.
Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up?
Answer:
Public sector enterprises are those which are owned by state or central government.
For example- Railways, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Sawai Man Singh Hospital etc. Government run these enterprises for Public welfare. Government tries to raise the living standard of public by providing these facilities. It provides the service either at a lower rate or free of cost. Government invest in construction of roads, bridges, railways, generating electricity, constructing dams and thus accelerating the economic development of a nation.
Question 21.
Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation?
Or
In your view, why is public sector a must? Write any three points.
Answer:
Public sector plays an important role in the development of a nation. It can be better understood by following points-1. Expansion of Basic Infrastructure Facilities- Public sector undertakes activities like health and educational facilities, extension of road & rail transport, expansion of communication facilities etc.
2. Social Welfare- To raise the living standard of the people govt. provides many public facilities, for ex-Public parks etc.
3. Removal of Poverty and Unemployment- Government run many poverty removal programmes which are not possible in private sector.
4. To Improve the Living Standard of People- Many activities like skill development programmes etc. are run by public sector which raise the living standard of the people.
5. Capital Formation- Public sector is helpful in capital formation by investing large capital in Public sector
6. Industrial Development- Public sector plays an important role in the development of Industrial structure of a country.
Question 22.
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues-Wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer:
Workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues-
- Wages- Here wages are low and even not regular and there is absence of provision for overtime, paid leave etc.
- Safety- For example, workers working in mines of crackers factory always face the element of risk.
- Health- For example long working hours and unhygienic working environment affect the health of the workers adversely.
So, this sector is required to be controlled by government and they should follow the rules & regulations of government related to employment strictly.
Question 23.
A study in Ahmedabad found that out of ₹ 15,00,000 workers in the city, ₹ 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was ₹ 60,000 million. Out of this ₹ 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer:
Table-Distribution of labour in Ahmedabad city (Year 1997-98).
| Item | Organised Sector | Unorganised Sector | Total |
| Labour
Income(in millions) |
4,00,000
32,000 |
11,00,000
28,000 |
15,00,000
60,000 |
It is clear from the above table that maximum number of labourers are working in unorganised sector but income earned by them is less than income of labour of organised sector.
So, efforts should be done to increase employment opportunities in organised sector. Public sector should be established and unorganised sector should follow the minimum wages rules and efforts should be done to increase the income of unorganised sector. Tertiary sector should be developed in Ahmedabad. Bank, insurance, post office, transport, communication, medical and educational facilities should be developed there. So the more employment opportunities are developed in service sector.
Question 24.
The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors :
| Year | Primary | Secondary | Tertiary |
| 2000 | 52,000 | 48,500 | 1,33,500 |
| 2013 | 8,00,500 | 10,74,000 | 38,68,000 |
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.
(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph-2 in the chapter.
(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?
Answer:
(i) The share of three sectors in GDP is as follows-
GDP in 2000
52,000 + 48,500 + 1,33,500 = 2,34,000
GDP in 2013
8,00,500 + 10,74,000 + 38,68,000 = 57,42,500
(ii) Graph : share of sectors in GDP (%)
(iii) A lot of changes have been taken place from 2000 to 2013 in the share of three sectors. In 2000, the share of primary sector in GDP was 22.22% which is reduced to 13.94% in 2013. The contribution of secondary sector was 20.73% in 2000 which is reduced to 18.70% in 2013. In the same manner the tertiary sector contribution was 57.05% in 2000 which is increased to 67.36% in 2013. There has been increase in the contribution of tertiary sector in the GDP of the nation.
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