CTET Notes in Hindi | GRAMMAR
CTET Notes in Hindi | GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR
This section includes parts of speech, tenses, voice,
narration, synonyms, antonyms, phrasal verb and figure of
speech. No direct question, is asked based on these topics
but this section is helpful in answering questions based on
passages and poems.
Parts of Speech
Traditionally, English Grammar has eight parts of speech
in which a word can be classified. Some word can belong to
different parts of speech depending on its position in the
sentence. A word used as noun can be used as verb or
adverb or adjective in different sentences. First, let us
discuss the different parts of speech.
Look at the sentence given below:
Slowly the mother regained her
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Adverb Noun Verb Pronoun
consciousness and looked
↓
Conjunction
for her small children in the room.
↓ ↓
Adjective Preposition
Let us now learn about the different parts of speech
starting with the noun:
1. Nouns are words that are used for a name, a place, thing
or idea. Some examples of nouns are Taj Mahal, apple,
Mohan, table, gold, milk, greece, honesty, intelligence etc.
2. Pronouns are words that are used in place of a noun.
Some examples of pronouns are He, she, they, who,
myself, herself, one another etc.
3. Adjectives are words that modify a noun or a pronoun.
Examples of adjectives are Black horse, red apple,
beautiful girl, intelligent boy, heavy box, which, this,
those etc.
English Language & Pedagogy
4. A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a
person or a thing. A verb may tell us what a person or
thing does. Examples of verbs are Jump, weep, come,
go, break, write, is, am, are, cry etc.
5. Adverbs are words that qualify a verb, adjective or
another adverb. Some examples of adverbs are Quickly,
very, quite, before, yesterday, seldom, slowly etc.
6. A preposition is word placed before a noun or a
pronoun and shows the relationship of it with the other
words in the sentence. Examples of preposition are In,
into, on, upon, over, with, by, between and among.
7. Conjunction It is a word that joins together sentences,
clauses or words. Some examples of common
conjunctions are And, as, for, or, if, yet and so.
8. Interjections are words used to express emotions such
as joy or sorrow, excitement, surprise. Examples of
interjection are Hurray! alas! wow! etc.
Uses of Different Tense
A tense is a form taken by verb to show the time of an
action. Various forms of tenses and their usage is given
below.
The Present Simple Tense
• This tense is generally used to denote “habit, custom,
practice, repeated action, permanent activity, general
truth” etc.
These ideas are expressed by the adverbs of frequency
such as often, seldom, usually, never, occasionally,
sometimes, normally, generally, always, frequently,
rarely, daily.e.g.
(i) The old lady goes for walk in the morning.
(ii) Parul usually believes everybody.
• This tense is also used to make a statement in the present
showing permanent nature and activity of the subject and
eternal principles. e.g.
(i) I know him well.
(ii) He teaches in St. Xavier College.
• Historical present. e.g.
(i) Now Netaji enters and addresses the Indian
soldiers.
(ii) Now Arjun shoots arrows at Bhishma.
• Future arrangement. c.g.
(i) The Prime Minister arrives from New York
tomorrow.
(ii) He leaves his job next week.
The Present Continuous Tense
• This tense is normally used for an action in progress
that is temporary in nature (not for a permanent
activity) in the present at the time of speaking. e.g.
(i) She is not working. She is swimming in the river.
(ii) It is raining outside.
• It also expresses future action or a definite
arrangement in the near future. e.g.
(i) I am going to the cinema tomorrow.
(ii) She is coming next week.
• Continuous tense with ‘always’ may express an idea
which is not to the liking of the speaker.c.g.
(i) She is always teaching her children.
(ii) He is always praising his friends.
• There are some of the verbs which sometime don’t
admit of progressive action. Such verbs are called +
non-progressive (Stative verbs). e.g.
(i) Verbs of Perception See, taste, smell, hear,
prefer please.
(ii) Verbs of Thinking Process Think, know, mean,
mind.
(iii) Verbs Showing Possessing Own, have, belong,
comprise, possess, contain.
(iv) Verbs Expressing Feelings or State of Mind
Believe, like, love, want, wish, desire, hate.
(v) Verbs in General Look, seem, appear, affect,
resemble, cost, require, stand, face, become.
(vi) ‘While still, at the moment presently (at
present) and ‘now’ may help students to express
progressive present.
The Present Perfect Tense
• This tense is a mixture of present and past. At the time
of speaking, the action is already complete in the past,
It always implies a strong connection with the
present though action took place in the past.
• Generally, the following adverbs and conjunctions
are used to express the preceding action. “Ever, just,
recently, already, yet, till (time), so far, of late, lately,
before, by the time, after” etc. e.g.
(i) I have just seen that film.
(ii) I have already had my breakfast.
• Present Perfect + Point of Time = Simple Past
It should be noted that point of time in the past
indicates that action took place at a point in the past.
The point of time in the past is expressed by ‘since,
ever since’.
The Past Indefinite Tense
• This tense is used for a past habit, indicated generally by
“often, seldom, usually, normally, generally, occasionally,
sometimes, never, always, frequently, rarely, daily, used to,
would” etc. e.g.
(i) They never drank wine.
(ii) He always carried an umbrella.
• This tense is also used for a single act completed in the past
definite point of time is denoted by “since, ever since, earlier,
ago, back, before, last, yesterday, the other day” (Any point
of time in the past) etc. e.g.
(i) I met your brother yesterday.
(ii) She bought a car two years ago.
The Past Continuous Tense
• This tense is chiefly used for past action in progress.e.g.
(i) It was still raining when I reached there.
(Past action in progress)
(ii) He was busy in packing last evening.
(Past action in progress)
• It is also used for a definite arrangement for future in the
past. e.g.
(i) He was leaving that night.
(Definite arrangement for future in the past)
(ii) I asked her what she was doing next Sunday.
(Definite arrangement for future in the past)
• As mentioned in the case of the present continuous tense,
certain verbs don’t admit of progressive action. Please study
such verbs carefully. Refer to such verbs under present
continuous tense section.
• While, still, at that moment, ‘then’ may help the students to
express progressive action in the past.
The Past Perfect Tense
• This tense is used when out of two actions it is necessary to
emphasise that the preceding action was completely finished
before the succeeding action started. e.g.
(i) I had gone to Delhi last week before my father came.
(Correct)
(ii) I had gone to Delhi last week.
(Incorrect, because preceding action is not implied here)
• Sometimes preceding action is implied and is indicated by
the use of ever, just, recently, already, yet, so far, till time. by
the time, before, after etc. e.g.
(i) I had already taken breakfast.
(ii) I had finished the book before he came.
This tense is also used as time expression with “since, for,
how long, whole, all, throughout all along” etc. e.g.
(i) She had known him for two years.
(ii) He had owned this plaza for five years.
• Past perfect tense used with verbs such as want, hope,
expect, think, suppose. mean, intend indicate that the
action mentioned did not take place. e.g.
(i) I had wanted to help my brother.
(But could not help)
(ii) I had expected to pass.
(But did not pass)
(iii) My sister had hoped that I would send her money.
(Unfulfilled hope)
The Future Indefinite Tense
• This tense expresses an action that is to take place in
future. e.g. “soon, shortly, in a few moments tomorrow,
presently (soon), next year/month/week” etc indicate
future action. e.g.
(i) They will come here shortly.
(ii) Ritu will take examination next month.
• It should be noted that there are several ways to express
future action in English as given below:
(i) Future action is expressed in the present continuous
tense But it is more definite action than the action
expressed in the future indefinite. e.g.
• They are coming tomorrow. (Certain to come)
• She is marrying soon. (Certain to marry)
(ii) Future action is also expressed in the future
continuous. e.g.
• Sushant will be arriving soon. (He will arrive)
• I shall be going tomorrow. (I shall go)
(iii) Future action is also expressed in the present
indefinite tense. e.g.
• She arrives from the USA next month. (Will arrive)
• The Prime Minister leaves for Lucknow
tommorrow. (Will leave)
The Future Continuous Tense
• This tense is used to express an action that will be in
Progress with a point of time in future. e.g.
(i) She will be waiting for me when I reach her home.
• This tense is also used to express the future indefinite
tense or definite future arrangement. e.g.
(i) He will be going to Pune by car today.
• As mentioned in the case of the present continuous tense
certain verbs do not admit of progressive action. Refer to
such verbs under present continuous tense section.
The Future Perfect Tense
• This tense is used when out of two actions it is necessary
to emphasis that the preceding action will be completely
finished before the succeeding action starts in future.
Sometimes preceding action is implied and indicated by
the use of “ever, just, already, recently yet, so far, till
time, before, by the time after.” e.g.
(i) She will have already prepared food when I reach
home.
(ii) He will have rung up his wife before he arrives.
• This tense is also used to express time expression.”since,
for, how long, whole, all, throughout, all long” denote
that action started sometime in the past and is continuing
into the present. e.g.
(i) He will have known her for two years next month.
(ii) He will have suffered a lot by now since his birth.
Perfect Continuous
Present, Past, Future (Time Expression)
• Perfect continuous tense (Present, Past and Future) denotes
an action continuing from the past into the present. It implies
the duration of an action. (Past to Present)
The time expression is normally indicated by “since, for, how
long, whole, all throughout, all along.”
‘For’ is used for a period of time from the past to present,
‘Since is used for a particular point of time or some event in
the past to present.
• Time expression can be used with both continuous and
indefinite tenses as follows:
() Continuous + Time Expression =Perfect Continuous
(Present, Past, Future)
(Action is not yet complete)
(ii) Indefinite + Time Expression = Perfect Indefinite
(Present, Past and Future)
(Action is completed)
Active and Passive Voice
In a sentence, voice indicates what a person or thing does.
It is Active Voice. Here, the verb is said to be an action on
the part of a subject. e.g.
(i) The mother cooked the food. (Active voice)
(ii) He writes a letter. (Active voice)
Here, the verb cook or write are transitive verbs.
When an active sentence is converted into passive sentence,
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the
passive sentence. e.g.
(i) The food was cooked by the mother. (Passive voice)
(ii) A letter is written by him. (Passive voice)
Note We can change a sentence into passive voice only it
has a transitive verb.
Transitive verbs are action verbs expressing an action. e.g.
She saw a film.
In transitive verb, action passes over from the doer or
subject to an object.
Intransitive verb denotes an action which does not pass
over to a direct object. e.g.
(i) The baby sleeps. (ii) The bubble burst.
We cannot change a sentence containing an intransitive
verb into a passive sentence, except if the sentence is
imperative.
Tense denotes time and action.
Or
Tense is that form of verb which states the time and action
of an event.
Examples of Active and Passive Voice
(i) There is a lot of work to complete. (Active voice)
(ii) There is a lot of work to be completed. (Passive voice)
(iii) People speak Hindi only in northern parts of India.
(Active voice)
(iv) Hindi is spoken by people only in northen parts of
India. (Passive voice)
(v) The peon opened the gate. (Active voice)
(vi) The gate was opened by the peon. (Passive voice)
(vii) The mason is building the wall. (Active voice)
(viii) The wall is being built by the mason. (Passive voice)
(ix) Some boys played hockey the whole day. (Active voice)
(x) Hockey was played by some boys the whole day.
(Passive voice)
(xi) The people were helping the accident victims.
(Active voice)
(xii) The accident victims were helped by the people.
(Passive voice)
(xiii) I have eaten a mango.
(Active voice)
(xiv) A mango has been eaten by me. (Passive voice)
(xv) Circumstances will oblige me to go. (Active voice)
(xvi) I will be obliged to go. (Passive voice)
(xvii) Work hard. (Active voice)
(xviii) You are advised to work hard. (Passive voice)
(xix) Open the door. (Active voice)
(xx) Let the door be opened. (Passive voice)
Vocabulary
Vocabulary refers to the words that one needs to
communicate effectively. It can be either synonyms or
antonyms or phrasal verbs or idioms.
Here, we will have a look at Synonym, Antonym, Phrasal
Verbs and One Word Substitution that constitute English
vocabulary
Synonym
A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or
nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same
language. Here is a list of some words alongwith their
synonyms :
Words Synonyms
Admire praise, esteem, adorn
Awkward clumsy, rough, ponderous
Aversion dislike, hatred, indifferent
Brittle frail, delicate, breakable
Blame censure, reproach, reprove
Contrary conflicting, opposite, contradictory
Contradict confront, oppose, deny
Consequence outcome, repercussion, result
Comparison sympathy, kindless, clemency
Disdain detest, despise, scorn
Deliberate intentional, meditate, ponder
Deceipt deception, treachery, duplicity
Evident obvious, apparent, conspicuous
Eradicate destroy, abolish, remove
Frivolous worthless, capricious, volatile
Fantasy imagination, vision, visualise
Hideous frightful, shocking, monstrous
Hazard peril, risk, danger
Invincible unbeatable, unsubdued, impregnable
Intrigue scheme, conspiracy, manipulation
Listless lazy, inattentive, spiritless
Languid pensive, lethargic, exhausted
Morose sulky, sullen, depressed
Paramount foremost, eminent, supreme
Sway influence, control, command
Antonyms
Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning to the
given word. Here is a list of words alongwith their
antonyms :
Words Antonyms
Apathy concern, care, eagerness
Adversity prosperity, fortune, assistance
Accomplish deter, disappoint, collapse
Bleak bright, pleasant, cheerful
Baffle cooperate, composure, facilitate
Convenient unsuitable, unpractical, fatiguing
Consolidate separate, weak, scattering
Despicable honourable, respectable, decent
Defile Purity, cleanse, disinfect
Decay flourish progress, growth
Evade confront, verity, confirm
Endurance break down, despair, agitating
Formidable harmless, insignificant, weak
Fallacy veracity, truth, honesty
Gracious rude, unforgiving discourteous
Hoipid delicious, luscious, pungent
Justity accuse, incriminate, impute
Liable unaccountable, exempt, irresponsible
Morose buoyant, sprightly, blithe
Modest pompous, arrogant, audacious
Novice Ingenious, mentor, experienced
Overwhelm falter, restore, impotent
Panic calm, confidence, tranquility
Remonstrate laud, endorse, commend
Spurious genuine, positive, original
Phrasal Verbs
English language abounds in the use of verb with
prepositions or adverbs to obtain a variety of meanings.
The verbs used with preposition, adverbs or both are
defined as phrasal verbs.
Here is a list of some common phrasal verbs:
Phrasal Verbs Meanings
Ask for request for
Back out withdraw from promise
Break through major achievement
Call out ask to come for help
Carry on continue
Catch up with make up for deficiency
Do away with eradicate
Drop in to pay a short visit
Fall off decrease in number, get separated
Get away with without being punished
Give way collapse under pressure
Go through read hurriedly, endure
Hold out resist
Keep off keep at a distance
Lay off to discontinue work
Look down upon to hate, despise
Look out watch out, be careful
Make up for compensate for
Pass through go through, endure
Put down keep down, crush
Run into come across, meet by chance Set aside allocate, strike down
Stand up for defend
Take over take up responsibility
Turn on switch on, start
Turn over change, upset
Wipe away remove, cleanse
Wipe out destroy completely
Work upon influence
Wind up bring to an end
One Word Substitution
One word substitution is a process of using one word for a
phrase, it helps in making sentence structure more clear.
Here is a list of some one word substitution:
Words Meanings
Abdicate renounce a high office or throne
Acrobat one who performs gymnastic feats
Anecdote a short amusing story
Amnesty general pardon
Biennial happening once every two years
Bookworm a person who is too fond of reading
Boulevard a broad street having trees on each side
Cerebral connected with brain
Words Meanings
Clean sweep a complete victory
Debacle a sudden complete failure
Dividend money which is divided among shareholders
Embargo an official order forbidding trade with another country
Epic a long narrative poem
Enigmatic mysterious and hard to understand
Extrovert a person who likes to spend time with others
Farce a light humourous play fall of silly things happening
Gastronomy the art and science of cooking and eating good food
Heirloom a valuable object passed on for generations
Hypochondriac a person who is over conscious about his health
Impregnable that cannot be entered by force
Insolvent a person who is not able to pay his debts
Recluse one who lives in seclusion
Swashbuckler a boastful fellow
Veteran one who has a long experience of any occupation
Blasphemy an act of speaking against religion
Facsimile an exact copy of hand writing, printing
Plagiarism literary theft
Referendum general vote of the pubic to decide a question
Souvenir a momento kept in memory of an event
Verbatim repetition of a speech word by word
Figures of Speech
A figure of speech is a departure from the ordinary form
of expression to produce a better effect. It can be a
special repetition, arrangement or omission of words
with literal meaning or a phrase with specialised
meaning.
Main figures of speech are given below:
1. Simile It is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things,
often introduced with the word ‘like’ or ‘as’. e.g.
(i) He fights like a lion.
(ii) She swims as fast as a fish.
2. Metaphor It is a figure of speech where we directly
compare seemingly unrelated subjects. e.g.
(i) All the world’s stage.
(ii) All the man and women merely players.
(iii) They have their exits and their entrances.
3. Alliteration It is the repetition of initial sounds in
neighbouring words. Alliteration draws attention to the
phrase and is often used for emphasis. e.g.
(i) Sweet smell of success.
(ii) Bigger and better.
4. Hyperbole This device is the use of exaggeration as a
rhetorical device. It may be used to evoke strong feelings
or to create strong impression, but is not meant to be taken
literally.e.g.
(i) I could sleep for a year, I was so tired.
(ii) She is older than the hills.
5. Oxymoron This figure of speech combines incongrous or
contradictory terms.e.g.
(i) Dark light.
(ii) Living dead.
6. Personification In this figure of speech human
characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality,
animal or inanimate object. e.g.
(i) The wind howled in the night..
(ii) My alarm clock yells at me every morning.
7. Onomatopoeia It is a word that actually looks like a
sound it makes and we can almost hear those sounds as we
read. e.g.
(i) Water plops into pond.
(ii) Splish splash down hill.
8. Irony It is a mode of speech in which the real meaning is
exactly the opposite of that which is literally conveyed. e.g.
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest (for Brutus is an
honourable man) but Brutus says he was ambitious and
Brutus is an honourable man.
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