HBSE 10th Class English Grammar Modals
HBSE 10th Class English Grammar Modals
Haryana Board 10th Class English Grammar Modals
What is a Modal?
Modals एक प्रकार की सहायक क्रियाएं हैं। ये main verb के साथ मिलकर कार्य करने के mode या तरीके को बताती हैं। ये योग्यता, अनुमति, संभावना, कर्तव्य जैसे विचारों को व्यक्त करती हैं। मुख्यतः will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to और used to आदि modal auxiliaries हैं।
Features of Modals (सहायक क्रियाओं की विशेषताएँ)
(a) Modals कभी अकेली नहीं आतीं। इनका प्रयोग सदा main verb के साथ किया जाता है; जैसे
You must do this work.
I can solve this sum.
(b) Subject के number, gender या person का modals पर कोई प्रभाव नहीं होता; जैस
I can go there.
We can go there.
You can go there.
They can go there.
He can go there.
She can go there.
(c) Modals के साथ verb की Ist form का प्रयोग होता है। परंतुought और used के साथ ‘to’ Infinitive का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे
He will leave for Mumbai today.
You should work hard.
I can help you.
We ought to serve our country.
He used to help me in the past
(d) Modals के साथ ‘be’ लगाने पर उसके बाद verb की Ist form और ing का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे
Sudha will be writing a letter.
I shall be travelling in a train tomorrow.
Poonam will be dancing.
(e) Modals के बाद ‘have’ लगने पर उसके बाद verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे
He must have done this work.
He should have passed the test.
He may have gone to Delhi.
Uses of Modals:
1. SHALL
(i) Shall का प्रयोग Ist person (I, we) के साथ साधारण future tense को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
I shall know my result tomorrow.
We shall leave for Mumbai in the evening.
(ii) आदेश (command) के लिए second और third persons के pronouns के साथ; जैसे
You shall do as I say.
You shall not disobey your parents.
(iii) वचन (promise) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
You shall get a prize.
You shall have a wrist watch on your birthday
(iv) बाध्यता या अनिवार्यता (compulsion or necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
You shall not enter the kitchen with dirty feet.
You shall not make a noise.
(v) संकल्प (determination) अथवा निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
He shall take revenge on his enemy.
He shall get good marks, I am sure.
(vi) प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों (interrogative sentences) में shall का प्रयोग I/we के साथ किसी दूसरे के सामने अपनी सेवा . प्रस्तुत करने के लिए या प्रार्थना करने के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
Shall I carry your heavy bag ?
Shall we go to see a film today ?
2. WILL
(i) Will का प्रयोग IInd और IIIrd person (you, he, she, they, it आदि) के साथ simple future tense को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है; जैसे
He will come here at Diwali.
They will never learn good manners.
(ii) प्रार्थना या निमंत्रण के लिए; जैसे
Will you open the door, please?
Will you have a cup of tea?
(iii) आदत के लिए; जैसे
A dog’s tail will never become straight.
He will never tell the truth.
(iv) Ist person (I/we) के साथ निश्चय (certainty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I will write a letter to her in the evening.
We will visit the theatre next week.
(v) I/we के साथ संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए, जैसे
I will get 1st division.
We will win the race.
I will become a great man one day.
(vi) ‘इच्छा’ (willingness) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I will come with you if you want.
I will help you in this matter.
(vii)आदेश (order) या निर्देश (instruction) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
You will do as I say.
You will not beat your brother.
(viii) अनुमान या संभावना (inference or probability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
The boys in blue dress will be his brother.
By this time Mohan will be there.
(ix) शर्त वाले (conditional) वाक्य के लिए; जैसे
If you work hard, you will pass.
If you don’t run, you will miss the train.
(x) चेतावनी देने के लिए or या otherwise वाले वाक्यों में; जैसे
Work hard otherwise you will fail.
Run fast or you will miss the train.
3. SHOULD
(i) Indirect speech में shall के past tense के रूप में; जैसे-
I told him that I should help him.
He said that they should go there.
(ii) कर्त्तव्य (duty) की भावना प्रकट करने के लिए; जैसे-
We should obey our parents.
We should help the poor.
(iii) सलाह तथा सझाव (advice or suggestion) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You should work hard.
You should take exercise.
(iv) Lest के पश्चात उद्देश्य (purpose) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
Work hard lest you should fail.
Walk carefully lest you should fall.
(v) नैतिक उत्तरदायित्व (moral obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
You should not drink wine.
You should help your sister.
(vi) कल्पना (supposition), संभावना (possibility) तथा शर्त (condition) की भावना को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे-
Should you see my brother ? Tell him to send me a good book.
I think you should win the championship.
(vii) अनुमान (assumption) की भावना को दर्शाने के लिए; जैसे-
She should be here by now.
They should have reached Delhi.
4. WOULD
(i) Indirect speech में will के past के रूप में; जैसे
He told me that he would go to Mumbai.
Mohan said that he would not do that work.
(ii) Past के किसी कार्य को करने की आदत को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
Gandhiji would spin for hours.
He would often study till late in the night.
(iii) विनम्र प्रार्थना (polite request) के लिए; जैसे
Would you open the door, please?
Would you lend me your bicycle for an hour?
(iv) किसी की इच्छा को जानने के लिए; जैसे
Would you have a cup of tea?
Would you like to come with me?
(v) कोरी कल्पना (wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
Would that I were a king!
Would that my son were a hard worker!
(vi) असंभावित परिस्थिति (improbable condition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
If a thief came here, he would find only books.
If I got a lottery, I would be very happy.
(vii) दृढ़-निश्चय (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
He would have his own way.
I would buy that car at any cost.
(viii)अधिमान (preference) को बताने के लिए; जैसे
I would like to have coffee.
I would rather starve than beg.
5. CAN
(i) योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
He can swim across the river.
Can you stand on your head ?
(ii) अनुमति (permission) देने के लिए; जैसे
You can see a film if you like.
You can go home if you have done your work.
(iii) अनुमति मांगने के लिए; जैसे
Can I use your dictionary?
Can I go home?
(iv) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
Death can come anytime.
He can reach here anytime.
(v) क्षमता या शक्ति (capacity or power) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I can lift this heavy table.
The headmaster can remit your fine.
6. COULD
(i) Indirect speech में can के past के रूप में; जैसे
Mohan said that he could solve the sum.
He asked me if I could help him.
(ii) Past की अनुमति (permission) को दर्शाने के लिए; जैसे
Father said that he could see the film.
She asked me if she could meet me.
(iii) Past की संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
If he had money, he could buy a scooter.
I wondered whether the news could be true.
(iv) भूतकाल में क्षमता (capacity) या योग्यता (ability) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I could swim when I was young.
She could solve the sum when she was only five years old.
7. MAY
(i) औपचारिक अनुमति (formal permission) लेने या देने के लिए; जैसे
May I come in, Sir ? Yes, you may.
May I use your book? Yes, you may use it.
(ii) इच्छा (wish), प्रार्थना (prayer) या आशीर्वाद (blessing) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
May you live long !
May I be able to cross the river !
May God bless her with a son!
(iii) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
There are clouds in the sky. It may rain.
Mohan may reach here anytime.
(iv) उद्देश्य (purpose) को बताने के लिए so that से पहले verb की Ist Form लगी होती है। जैसे
We eat so that we may live.
I go to school so that I may become a great man.
(v) अतीत की संभावना (Past possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए may have का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे
He may have reached Kanpur.
You may have heard about Akbar.
8. MIGHT
यह may का past रूप है। इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है।
(i) भूतकाल में अनुमति लेने या देने के लिए; जैसे
I asked him if I might use his book.
My father told me that I might see a picture.
(ii) भूतकाल (past) में संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
The doctor said that the patient might recover.
(iii) भूतकाल की इच्छर (wish) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I wished that I might pass the examination.
Mohan wished that his sister might win the race.
(iv) भविष्य काल में किसी क्षीण संभावना (remote possibility) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I might go to the market, but I am not sure.
He might come, if he gets time.
The prices might fall down a little.
(v) उद्देश्य को बताने के लिए; so that से पहले verb की 2nd form लगी होती है। जैसे
He died so that his country might survive.
He worked hard so that he might pass.
If he worked hard, he might get 1st prize.
9. MUST
(i) तीव्र आवश्यकता (dire necessity) को व्यक्त करने के लिए: जैसे
You must take an umbrella as it is raining.
We must run if we want to catch the train.
(ii) अनिवार्यता (compulsion) या बंधन (obligation) को व्यक्त करने के लिए कार्य न करने पर यदि सजा मिलने का प्रावधान हो; जैसे
A servant must obey his master.
We must obey the laws of our country.
(iii) दृढ़-संकल्प (determination) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
I must finish this work by evening.
We must attack the enemy before day-break.
(iv) कर्त्तव्य (duty) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
You must obey your parents.
We must serve our country.
(v) मनाही (prohibition) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
We must not touch electricity.
You must not disobey your elders.
Children must not play on the road.
(vi) संभावना (possibility) को व्यक्त के लिए; जैसे
He must have reached Delhi,
She must have gone to bed by now.
10. OUGHT
Ought का प्रयोग should के स्थान पर किया जा सकता है, मगर इसके साथ ‘to’ का प्रयोग आवश्यक है। इसके प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं
(i) नैतिक एवं सामाजिक कर्त्तव्य (moral and social duty) के लिए; जैसे
We ought to obey our teachers.
You ought to help the poor and the needy.
We ought to take pity on the beggars.
(ii) सलाह (Advice) या सुझाब (Suggestion) को व्यक्त करने के लिए; जैसे
You ought to work hard for the examination.
You ought to consult the doctor.
(iii) Ought to + have + verb की IIIrd form के द्वारा यह व्यक्त किया जाता है कि कार्य होना चाहिए था, मगर हुआ नहीं; जैसे
You ought to have met the principal (but you did not).
You ought to have informed the police.
11. NEED
Need एक नियमित क्रिया भी है और एक modal भी। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) तथा प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में होता है; जैसे
(i) आवश्यकता का न होना; जैसे
You needn’t take an umbrella as it has stopped raining.
You need not go on foot.
(ii) आवश्यकता के बारे में कोई प्रश्न पूछना; जैसे
Need you go home so soon? .
Need you speak so fast?
Need she run for catching the bus ?
12. DARE
Need की तरह dare का प्रयोग भी नियमित क्रिया एवं modal दोनों प्रकार से होता है। Modal के रूप में इसका प्रयोग केवल नकारात्मक (Negative) और प्रश्नवाचक (Interrogative) वाक्यों में निम्नलिखित रूप से होता है
(i) साहस का न होना; जैसे-
I dare not enter the Headmaster’s office.
The child dare not go into a dark room at night.
(ii) साहस के बारे में प्रश्न करना; जैसे
Dare you catch a lion by its tail?
How dare you insult me?
13. USED TO
Used to का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में किया जाता है :
(i) भूतकाल की किसी आदत (past habitual action) को दशनि के लिए; जैसे
In the past people used to believe that the earth was flat.
Before marriage, he used to drink a lot.
(ii) भूतकाल में किसी वस्तु के अस्तित्व के लिए; जैसे-
There used to be a big building at the comer.
A fair used to be held in this ground every year.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks-with the models given in brackets :
1. We …………… (serve) our country, (must, should, could)
2. He has burnt midnight oil. He …………… win a scholarship, (will/would/ought to)
3. He …………… read and write english. (can, could, must)
4. …………… your future be bright! (Would/May/Might)
5. …………… we go to see a movie today ? (Will/Would/Shall)
6. …………… you like to come with me? (would, should, could)
7. I have no pets. They …………… be very troublesome, (can, must, should)
8. Before marriage, he …………… drink a lot. (would/could/used to)
9. ……….. she have good health ! (Might/Would/May)
10. It …………… be not in the evening; who knows? (will, shall, may)
Answers:
1. We must (serve) our country, (must, should, could)
2. He has burnt midnight oil. He ought to win a scholarship, (will/would/ought to)
3. He can read and write english. (can, could, must)
4. May your future be bright! (Would/May/Might)
5. Shall we go to see a movie today ? (Will/Would/Shall)
6. Would you like to come with me? (would, should, could)
7. I have no pets. They can be very troublesome, (can, must, should)
8. Before marriage, he used to drink a lot. (would/could/used to)
9. May she have good health ! (Might/Would/May)
10. It may be not in the evening; who knows? (will, shall, may)
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the modals given in brackets :
1. The candidates …………… to appear for an interview, (must, will, have)
2. Work hard lest you …………… fail, (must, will, should)
3. …………… that I were rich (would, could, may)
4. Radha…………… play harmonium well, (will/shall/can)
5. …………… I fetch a doctor, (will, shall, can)
6. We …………… practise virtue, (must/may/might)
7. I still remember my childhood. I …………… play hockey then, (might, used to, must)
8. …………… you have a cup of tea? (Would, Can, Must)
9. I go to school so that I …………… become a great man. (can/may/might)
10. …………… that I were a millionaire, (can, shall, would)
Answers:
1. The candidates have to appear for an interview, (must, will, have)
2. Work hard lest you should fail, (must, will, should)
3. Would that I were rich (would, could, may)
4. Radha can play harmonium well, (will/shall/can)
5. shall I fetch a doctor, (will, shall, can)
6. We must practise virtue, (must/may/might)
7. I still remember my childhood. I used to play hockey then, (might, used to, must)
8. Would you have a cup of tea? (Would, Can, Must)
9. I go to school so that I may become a great man. (can/may/might)
10. Would that I were a millionaire, (can, shall, would)
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with the modals given in brackets:
1. Walk slowly lest you …………… fall, (should, could, may)
2. We …………… try to speak correct English, (may/shall/should)
3. …………… that I were a bird ! (Must/Should/Would)
4. You …………… give him a lift. He has his own car. (shouldn’t/mustn’t/needn’t)
5. You …………… to pay your debts, (should, ought, could)
6. He …………… come home late at night, (used, used to, use to)
7. I …………… study day and night in my student life, (can/would/used to)
8. If you work hard, you …………… pass, (could, will, would)
9. …………… I assist you? (shall, will would)
10. …………. build a hospital if I won a lottery, (might, must, wolud)
Answers:
1. Walk slowly lest you should fall, (should, could, may)
2. We should try to speak correct English, (may/shall/should)
3. Would that I were a bird ! (Must/Should/Would)
4. You needn’t give him a lift. He has his own car. (shouldn’t/mustn’t/needn’t)
5. You ought to pay your debts, (should, ought, could)
6. He used to come home late at night, (used, used to, use to)
7. I used to study day and night in my student life, (can/would/used to)
8. If you work hard, you will pass, (could, will, would)
9. Shall I assist you? (shall, will would)
10. Would build a hospital if I won a lottery, (might, must, wolud)
Exercise 4
Fill in the blanks with modals given in the brackets:
1. A dog ………… usually obey his master. (will/can/must)
2. I …………. rather have coffee than tea. (would/should/could)
3. …………. you succeed in the exams ! (may/can/would)
4. …………. that I were a king ! (Would/Should/Might)
5. If you do not run, you …………. miss the flight. (will/shall/can)
6. Rani said that she …………. solve the sum. (could/should/would)
7. …………. that I were a rich man. (Shall/Should/Would)
8. They …………. to pass the exams to appear for interview. (must/have/will)
9. You are strong & wise, you help me. (will/may/can)
10. Children …………. obey their parents. (must/should/would)
11. Talk slowly lest you …………. awaken the baby. (should/would/could)
12. ………. I help you ? (May/Can/Shall)
Answers:
1. A dog must usually obey his master. (will/can/must)
2. I would rather have coffee than tea. (would/should/could)
3. May you succeed in the exams ! (may/can/would)
4. Would that I were a king ! (Would/Should/Might)
5. If you do not run, you will miss the flight. (will/shall/can)
6. Rani said that she could solve the sum. (could/should/would)
7. Would that I were a rich man. (Shall/Should/Would)
8. They have to pass the exams to appear for interview. (must/have/will)
9. You are strong & wise, you help me. (will/may/can)
10. Children should can obey their parents. (must/should/would)
11. Talk slowly lest you should awaken the baby. (should/would/could)
12. May I help you ? (May/Can/Shall)
Exercise 5
We use would to express willingness, an unreal condition and a past habit Example:
(a) If he were a millionaire, he would donate every penny to the needy, (unreal condition)
(b) She would sit for hours listening to music, (past habit)
Complete the following paragraph using will/won’t/would/wouldn’t. ‘
We won’t be here in the school next July. It is hard to believe, isn’t it ? Soon we ____ (a) ____ complete our ten years of general education. Once the results are out, I ____ (b) ____ be sure what stream I should take. Then I ____ (c) ____ know where I am heading. It ____ (d) ____ take long. Who knows what the future ____ (e) ____ bring ? I ____ (f) ____ agree with this idea. I feel, as a student I ____ (g) ____ put in my sincere efforts and ____ (h) ____ let any obstacle come in my way. I ____ (i) ____ go by my teacher’s advice. ____ (j) ____ you mind taking a tip ? ‘To achieve something in life one should have faith in oneself.
Answers:
We won’t be here in the school next July. It is hard to believe, isn’t it ? Soon we Will complete our ten years of general education. Once the results are out, I would be sure what stream I should take. Then I will know where I am heading. It won’t take long. Who knows what the future will bring ? I would agree with this idea. I feel, as a student I will put in my sincere efforts and won’t let any obstacle come in my way. I will go by my teacher’s advice. would you mind taking a tip ? ‘To achieve something in life one should have faith in oneself.
Exercise 6
Complete the conversation. Fill ¡n the blanks with should/can/could/mwst/wih/would/can ‘t.
Suhani : How many instruments (a) ______ you play?
Deepak : Three — the harmonium, the flute and the violin.
Suhani : That’s terrific. (b) ______ you please play violin for us?
Deepak : Yes, of course. But you’ve to come to my house with me.
Suhani : I (c) ______ say this music room looks like a place of worship.
Deepak : Yes. One has to concentrate and practice a lot to have a mastery over a particular art.
Suhani : How many hours (d) ______ you practise at a stretch?
Deepak : It depends. Normally I practise two hours a day in this room. (e) ______ you like to try the harmonium?
Suhani : I’m not musical at all. I (j) ______ sing.
Deepak : But you appreciate music! You (g) ______ learn if you are interested. For that matter every individual is musical. Even animals, birds and plants react to music.
Suhani : With your encouragement I (h) ______ definitely try.
Answers:
Suhani : How many instruments (a) can you play?
Deepak : Three — the harmonium, the flute and the violin.
Suhani : That’s terrific. (b) will you please play violin for us?
Deepak : Yes, of course. But you’ve to come to my house with me.
Suhani : I (c) must say this music room looks like a place of worship.
Deepak : Yes. One has to cóncentrate and practice a lot to have a mastery over a particular art.
Suhani : How many hours (d) can you practise at a stretch?
Deepak : It depends. Normally I practise two hours a day in this room. (e) would you like to try the harmonium?
Suhani : I’m not musical at all. I (j) can’t sing.
Deepak : But you appreciate music! You (g) should learn if you are interested. For that matter every individual is musical. Even animals, birds and plants react to music.
Suhani : With your encouragement I (h) will definitely try.
The Complete Educational Website