Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Important Questions Chapter 7 India after Independence

Answer the following. Score 1 each.

Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who among the following gave leadership to the integration of princely states in India?
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Justice Fazal Ali
Answer:
Sardar Vailabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
The Secretary of the States Department who played a key role in the integration of princely states
K.M.Panikkar
V.PMenon
Fazal Ali
Answer:
V.P.Menon

Question 3.
Who was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Dr.B.RAmbedkar
Jawaharlal Nehru
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
Dr.Rajendra Prasad

Question 4.
Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
Dr.Rajendra Prasad
B.RAmbedkar
Fazal Ali
Answer:
B.R.Ambedkar

Question 5.
When did India become a Republic?
1947 August 15
1950 January 1
1950 January 26
Answer:
1950 January 26

Question 6.
Who was the Chairman of the State Reorganisation Commission?
Fazl Ali
K.M.Panikkar
H.N.Kunzru
Answer:
Fazl Ali

Question 7.
The year in which Five Year Plans were started in India
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1951

Question 8.
When did the Planning Commission come into existence?
1950
1951
1956
Answer:
1950

Question 9.
The largest multi-purpose river valley project in India.
Hirakud
Damodar Valley
Bhakra Nangal
Answer:
Bhakra Nangal

Question 10.
The first artificial satellite of India
Aryabhatta
Bhaskara
Prithvi
Answer:
Aryabhatta

Question 11.
Who is known as the ‘Missile Man of India’?
Vikram Sarabhai
Dr.Raja Ramanna
Dr.A.P.J Abdul Kalam
Answer:
Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam

Question 12.
The first minister for Education in independent India
B.RAmbedkar
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Answer:
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Question 13.
The Chinese Prime Minister who signed the Panchsheel principles
Mao Zedong
Chiang Kaishek
Chou En-lai
Answer:
Chou En-lai

Question 14.
The chief architect of Indian foreign policy
Jawaharlal Nehru
B.R.Ambedkar
Sardar Patel
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 15.
Which country assisted India in setting up Rourkela Iron and Steel Plant?
Soviet Union
Germany
Britain
Answer:
Germany

Question 16.
The first rocket launching station of India was established in
Trivandrum
Bengaluru
New Delhi
Answer:
Trivandrum

Question 17.
The Education Commission that recommended to implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission
Dr. Yeshpal Commission
Answer:
Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission

Answer in a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the first Home Minister of India to give leadership to the integration of princely states?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Question 2.
‘The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness’. Who said these words on the death of Gandhiji?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 3.
What was the aim of operation Blackboard programme?
Answer:

• Universalise primary education.
• Improve primary facilities in schools.

Question 4.
What was the main provision in the Instrument of Accession concerning princely states?
Answer:
The princely states had to hand over their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Govt, of India.

Question 5.
When was the Constituent Assembly formed? Who was its Chairman?
Answer:

• The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendations of Cabinet Mission.
• Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 6.
Name the freedom fighter who became a martyr by observing fast for the realisation of Andhra State for Telugu speaking people,
Answer:
Potti Sriramalu

Question 7.
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission?
Answer:
Fazl Ali, H.N.Kunzru, K.M.Panikkar

Question 8.
What is mixed economy?
Answer:

• Mixed economy is a combination of capitalist and socialist economic systems.
• India adopted mixed economy after independence.

Question 9.
Who helmed the project of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research?
Answer:

• Homi.J.Bhabha
• S.N.Bhatnagar

Question 10.
Which are the missiles developed by India?
Answer:
Prithvi, Agni, Akash

Question 11.
What is Mangalyaan?
Answer:

• It is the space mission of India to Mars.
• Mangalyaan or Mars Orbiter Mission is the Indian built space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Question 12.
What is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is the project launched by the Central Government to ensure primary education for all.

Question 13.
When is National Education Day observed? Why?
Answer:

• National Education Day is observed on 11 November every year.
• It is the birthday of MaulanaAbulKalamAzad who was the first education minister of independent India. He played a pivotal role in framing the Rational educational policy of independent India.

Question 14.
What is Panchsheel?
Answer:
The agreement signed between India and China for peaceful co-existence is called Panchsheel. This forms the basis of India’s foreign policy.

Question 15.
What is the aim of the organisation Centre for Cultural Resource and Training?
Answer:

• To organise various cultural exchange programmes for teachers and students.
• The organisation was formed with the objective of converging education with the culture of the country.

Question 16.
What was the Instrument of Accession?
Answer:
The Instrument of Accession was a legal document prepared by Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon to integrate the princely states with the Indian Union. Accordingly the native state had to transfer their control over external affairs,
defence and information and communication to the Government of India.

Question 17.
Which are the two agencies that develop satellites in India?
Answer:

1. National Remote Sensing Agency
2. Physical Research Laboratory

Question 18.
What is Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan introduced by Union Government are joined together and implemented as Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan in 2018.

Answer the following. Score 2 each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the role of V.P.Menon in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department formed for the purpose of integrating princely states.
• The plan that he proposed for the integration of the native states was known as V.P.Menon s Plan.
• Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states.
• V.P.Menon played a major role in the “ integration of the princely states along with Nehru and Patel.

Question 2.
Classify the following as French colonies and Portuguese colonies.

Question 3.
Write a note on the circumstances that led to the formation of Andhra State.
Answer:

• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra State, died as a martyr after 58 days.
• As a result of the agitations which followed this, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra in 1953.

Question 4.
Write a note on the role of Planning Commission in India’s economic progress.
Or
Prepare a note on the formation, structure and the major projects undertaken by Planning Commission of India.
Answer:

• The Planning Commission of India came into existence on March 15, 1950 with Prime Minister Nehru as Chairman. The first Vice Chairman was Gulsarilal Nanda.
• The Commission introduced centralised planning in India. It devised many projects for the economic progress of India. The most important ones were the Five Year Plans which helped in the agricultural and industrial progress of India.

Question 5.
Name the Scientific Research Institutes started in post independent India.
Answer:

• Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
• Indian Council for Agricultural Research
• Indian Council of Medical Research

Question 6.
Prepare a list of the iron and steel industries started in India with foreign aid.
Answer:

Question 7.
Write the contribution of Vikram Sarabhai in space research.
Answer:

• Vikram Sarabhai, the great Indian scientist is regarded as the Father of India’s Space Programme.
• He contributed richly to the advancement of Indian atomic energy research and space technology.
• He is the mastermind behind the Space Research Centre at Thumba and Satellite Communication Centre in Ahmedabad.
• To commemorate his contributions, the space research in Thumba is named as Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.

Question 8.
Name the educational commissions set up in independent India for educational reforms.
Answer:

• Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission
• Dr.Lakshmanaswami Mudaliyar Commission
• Dr. D. S .Kothari Commission
• Prof.Yashpal committee

Question 9.
What is Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan?
Answer:
RMSA is a scheme started by Central Government to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Question 10.
Write the contributions of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in space research and missile technology.
Answer:

• APJ Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of lndia was a scientist and researcher and is regarded as the father of Indian Missile Technology.
• He was a renowned expert in missile technology.
• Dr.Kalam was the head of ISRO and played a major role in developing satellite launch vehicles (PSLV, SLV3)
• He is known as the missile man of India.

Question 11.
The following is a list of the names of some Indian states formed in and after 1956. Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa, Goa, Uttarkhand, Bihar Rearrange the states as in the table below

Answer:

Question 12.
Arrange the following Indian states from north to south.

• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu
• Madhya Pradesh
• Uttar Pradesh

Answer:

• Uttar Pradesh
• Madhya Pradesh
• Andhra Pradesh
• Tamil Nadu

Question 13.
Choose from the given list, the princely states that refused to join with Indian Union at the time of independence. Name the states in which they are located now.
Mysore, Travancore, Patiala, Gwalior, Hyderabad, Ajmer, Junagadh, Kashmir
Answer:

• Travancore – Kerala
• Hyderabad – Andhra Pradesh (in Telangana today)
• Junagadh – Gujarat
• Kashmir – Jammu & Kashmir

Question 14.
Which were the foreign powers that remained in India after 1947? Which were the areas under their control?
Answer:

• France and Portugal
• France held Pondicherry, Mahe, Yanam and Karaikal.
• Portugal held Goa, Dadra and Nagar haveli

Question 15.
Who were the Chairman and members of States Reorganisation Commission? When was it constituted? What was its recommendation?
Answer:

• Justice Fazal Ali, Sardar K.M.Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru.
• The Commission was constituted in 1953 with Fazal Ali as Chairman.
• The Commission submitted its report in 1955. As per its recommendations, the Government of India passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.
• As per this Act, 14 linguistic states and 6 Union Territories were formed.

Question 16.
Write a note on India’s mission to moon and Mars.
Or
Chandrayan and Mangalayan are the two successful space missions of India.
Substantiate.
Answer:

• India’s mission to moon is known as Chandrayan launched by ISRO in October 2008. With this, India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.
• Mangalyaan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the longest distance in space.

Answer the following. Score 3 each.

Question 1.
What were the major problems that independent India had to face?
Answer:

• Refugee problem
• Hindu-Muslim communal riots
• War with Pakistan over Kashmir issue
• Integration of the princely states
• Food shortage
• Formation of a democratic system

Question 2.
What led to the refugee problem in independent India? How was it solved?
Answer:

The partition had divided people as Hindus and Muslims. As a result there was an influx of refugees from Pakistan to India and vice versa.

The communal riots between Hindus and Muslims were another reason for refugee problem. There was large scale bloodshed at the riots in Calcutta, Bihar, Naokhali, Punjab, Kashmir and Delhi. Thousands of people were killed and women were attacked. As a result, different sections of people lost all their belongings and became refugees. About 10 million people travelled as refugees on foot, trains and bullock carts.

The refugee problem was solved due to the effective intervention and rehabilitation measures taken by the Government of India.

Question 3.
Examine the role of Sardar Patel in the integration of princely states.
Answer:

• After the partition, there were 555 princely states within the Indian Union. To integrate them in the Indian Union was a herculean task. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission.
• The States Department was formed with this purpose under Sardar Patel, the Deputy Prime Minister. V.P.Menon was the Secretary of the States Department.
• Sardar Patel handled effectively the integration of princely states with his diplomatic skills and foresightedness. Patel and Menon prepared the Instrument of Accession to integrate the native states. Almost all the princely states joined the Indian Union after signing the Instrument of Accession.
• The princely states of Junagadh, Kashmir and Hyderabad refused to join the Indian Union at first. But Patel integrated them through a military intervention and conciliation talks.

Question 4.
Why did the Government of India form the States Reorganization Commission in 1953? Who was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission? What were its recommendations?
Or
Who were the members of the States Reorganisation Commission of 1953? What were its recommendations?
Answer:

• The Commission was formed to reorganise Indian States on the basis of language.
• Justice Fazl Ali was the Chairman of the States Reorganization Commission. H.N. Kunzru and K.M. Panikar were the members.
• The Parliament passed the States Reorgani¬sation Act as per the recommentations of the Commission.
• The Commission recommended for the formation of 14 linguistic states and 6 union territories.

Question 5.
What were the different phases that led to the framing of Indian constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution of India is the foundation of our nation making. A Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 as per the recommendation of the Cabinet Mission to frame the constitution for independent India. Dr.Rajendra Prasad was the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly and B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution.

The constitution was framed after detailed discussions and deliberations. The Constituent Assembly unanimously adopted the constitution on 26th November 1949. The constitution of free India came into existence on 26 January 1950 and India was declared a republic.

Question 6.
Prepare short notes on the following persons.
a. Homi J.Bhabha
b. Potti Srirariiulu
c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
Answer:
a. Homi J.Bhabha:
Homi J.Bhabha was the major nuclear scientist of India. He was the first Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. He was the founding director of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He helmed the projects of the CSIR.

b. Potti Sriramulu:
Sriramulu was a freedom fighter who launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days.

c. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the constitution. He was the first Law Minister of Independent India.

Question 7.
Prepare a sun diagram showing the achievements of India in scientific research.
Answer:

Question 8.
How were the Five Year Plans helpful to strengthen Indian economy?
Answer:
Five Year Plans are projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic growth of the country. The Five Year Plans started in 1951 helped India to go ahead with the process of development. Five Year Plans helped to strengthen the agricultural and industrial sectors, to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy source. Construction of iron and steel plants and huge dams.

Question 9.
Match suitably.

Answer:

Question 10.
What are the commissions appointed after independence to study Indian education and to sumbit recommendations?
Answer:
Dr. Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed in 1948.
Objectives : To study university education.

Recommendations:

• Start professional educational institutions.
• Give emphasis to women education.
• Form the University Grants Commission.

Lakshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission was appointed in 1952.
Objectives : To study secondary education.

Recommendations:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form secondary education commission.
• Establish multipurpose schools.
• Form a council for teacher training.

Kothari Commission was appointed in 1964.
Objectives : To propose a national pattern of education.

Recommendations:

• Implement 10 + 2 + 3 pattern of education.
• Start vocational education at secondary level.
• Focus on moral education.

Question 11.
Explain the role of major dams in modernizing Indian Economy.
Answer:
Role of major dams :
Major dams had a significant role in modernising Indian economy. They were the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. Bhakra Nangal Project is the largest multipurpose project in the country. Several other major dams are also built for irrigation and power generation. This increased agricultural production and industrial production.

Question 12.
List out the recommendations of Radhakrishncm Commission.
Answer:
Recommendations of Radhakrishnan Commission:
Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Question 13.
What is Instrument of Accession? Name the persons who prepared it.
Answer:
Instrument of Accession
There were more than 500 princely states in India at the time of independence. Integration of these princely states into the Indian Union was a great challenge. Sardar Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. The Department of States was formed for this purpose.

He followed a policy of diplomacy. The Instrument of Accession was prepared to integrate the princely states. The Instrument of Accession stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communication to the Government of India.

Sardar Patel and V.P.Menon, the Secretary of the Department of States prepared the Instrument of Accession.

Question 14.
List out the recommendations of Lekshmana Swami Mudaliar Commission.
Answer:

• Implement three language formula.
• Form Secondary Education Commission
• Establish multipurpose schools
• For a council for teacher training.

Answer the following. Score 4 each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements made by independent India in the economic sector.
Or
Mention the steps taken by independent India for the progress in economic sector.
Answer:
Post independent India adopted a mixed economic system. It was a combination of both socialist and capitalist system. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic development. The projects gave importance to centralised planning.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission of India was constituted in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the projects implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

They also helped to eradicate poverty, improve education and generate new energy sources. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty. India received assistance from foreign countries to set up iron and steel industries. Major dams were constructed for irrigation and electricity.

Question 2.
Arrange the following events in chronological order.

• Established ISRO
• First General Election in independent India.
• India became a Republic.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission

Answer:

• India became a Republic.
• First General Election in independent India.
• Formation of States Reorganisation Commission.
• Established ISRO

Question 3.
Write a note on the progress in education in independent India.
Answer:
Independent India gave much importance to education. Several education commissions were appointed from time to time to recommend changes in educational system.

Dr.Radhakrishnan Commission was appointed by the Government of India in 1948 to study about University education. It recommended for the setting up of professional educational institutions, form University Grants Commission and give emphasis to women education.

Dr.Lakshrnanaswamy Mudaliyar Commission was appointed in 1952 to study about the secondary education. It recommended for the implementation of three language formula, establish multipurpose schools, form a council for teacher training and form a Secondary Education Commission.

Dr. D. S. Kothari Commission was appointed ‘ in 1964 to propose for a national pattern of education. It recommended for the standardisation of educational system onto 10 + 2 + 3 pattern across the country, start vocational education at the secondary level and focus on moral education.

New Education Policy (1986) recommended the following.

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board scheme to universalise primary education and to improve infrastructure facilities of schools.
• Set up Navodaya Vidyalayas in each district.
• Encouraging girl’s education.

Right to Education Act 2009 is a fundamental right today. Accordingly, all children between the age of 6 to 14 should be given free and compulsory education.

SSA: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a scheme started by the Central Government to universalise primary education.

RMSA: Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan was started to universalise secondary and higher secondary education.

Samagra Siksha Abhiyan: SSA and RMSA are joined together and implemented as Samagra Siksha Abhiyan from 2018 onwards.

Question 4.
What are the principles of Indian foreign policy?
Answer:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations,
• Ensure international peace and security.

Question 5.
Write a note on the cultural institutions started in India.
Or
Many institutions were established to promote the cultural progress in India. Prepare a note on them.
Answer:

• Sangit Natak Akademi:
  It’s primary aim is the promotion of music and drama. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Lalit Kala Akademi:
  It’s aim is to promote Indian arts in India and abroad. It’s headquarters is in New Delhi.
• Sahitya Akademi:
  It’s aim is the promotion of literature in Indian languages. New Delhi is its headquarters.
• National School of Drama:
  It was established under the Sangit Natak Akademi. NSD conducts national drama festival every year. Its headquarters is in New Delhi.
• National Book Trust of India:
  Its aims are to make books available cost effectively, encourage reading habit and to promote Indian books in India and abroad.

Question 6.
Write the main recommendations of the National Education Policy of 1986.
Answer:

• Focusing on primary education and continuing education.
• Launching Operation Black Board Scheme to universalise primary education and to improve the infrastructure facilities in schools.
• Setting Navodaya Vidyalaya in every district.
• Encourage girl’s education.

Question 7.
List the achievements of India in space technology.
Answer:

• Launching of rockets from Thumba rocket launching station.
• Successful launching of India’s first artificial satellite Aryabhata in 1975.
• The important missiles developed by India are Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, etc.
• Launching of Chandrayaan in 2008, India’s first lunar mission.
• Successful launching of Mangalyaan in 2013, India’s space mission to Mars.

Question 8.
The Panehsheel principles are the agreement signed by India and China in 1954. What are its provisions?
Or
Name the leaders who signed the Panchsheel Principles. Write its provisions.
Answer:
The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Prime Minister Nehru of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and co-operation for mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

Question 9.
Arrange the following in three suitable columns based on similarity. Specify the criteria for the classification.

Answer:

Question 10.
The wall Magazine on India’s path to development prepared by Suresh is given below. Help him to complete it by writing an achievement in each area.

Answer:

Answer the following. Score 5,6 each.

Question 1.
Describe the challenges of the integration of princely states with Indian Union after independence.
Or
One of the important problems that India faced soon after independence was integration of princely status. Explain the statement by including the following facts related to the problem.
States Department
V.R Menon Plan
Instrument of Accession
Military intervention
Answer:
Integration of the princely states into the Indian Union was a major challenge before free India. There were around six hundred princely states in
pre-independent India, in addition to the territories directly ruled by the British. Britain gave these princely states the option to join either India or Pakistan or to be independent.

The integration was really a herculean task and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Union Minister entrusted with this mission. He appointed V.P. Menon as secretary of the Department of States, created for the purpose of integrating the princely states. Patel and V.P Menon prepared an Instrument of Accession, which stipulated that the princely states had to transfer their control over defence, external affairs and information and communications to the Government of India.

Following the diplomacy of the government and popular protests, majority of the princely states signed the Instrument of Accession and joined the Indian Union. But some states such as Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadti resented. Finally they were also integrated into the Indian union through conciliation talks and military interventions.

Question 2.
Examine the different phases of states reorganisation in India.
Answer:

• There were people speaking different languages within a native state itself. So there were demands in different parts of India for the formation of linguistic states.
• The Nagpur Congress Session of 1920 decided to form state Committees on linguistic basis.
• Popular agitations started in India after independence for the formation of linguistic states.
• In 1948 the Constituent Assembly appointed a language commission under the leadership of Justice Dhar.
• Sriramulu, a veteran freedom fighter launched an indefinite fast demanding the formation of a separate Telugu speaking Andhra state and died as a martyr after 58 days. Following this, there were agitations all over Andhra.
• The state of Andhra was formed in 1953 for Telugu speaking people. Following this, the demand for forming linguistic states intensified.
• In 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was formed to create linguistic states. Fazal Ali was the Chairman of the Commission.
• In 1956, the Parliament passed the States Reorganization Act on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission. The Act provided for the formation of 14 states and 6 union territories.

Question 3.
Describe independent India’s achievements in science and technology and space research.
Answer:
India’s achievements in science and technology and space research after independence are very remarkable.

Science and Technology:
Progress of scientific research is a precondition of agricultural and industrial development. Technology and technocrats played a significant role in the development in India’s agricultural progress and industrialisation. Under Jawaharlal Nehru who was an ardent admirer of modem science and technology India attained great progress in science and technology.

Several research institutes like Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Council for Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, etc. came into being. Two stalwarts of Indian science Homi.J.Bhabha and S.N.Bhatnagar helmed the projects of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.

The Atomic Energy Commission was started in 1948 to utilize atomic energy for development. Eminent atomic scientist Homi.J.Bhabha was appointed as the Chairman of the Commission . He was also the head of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Several world class engineering institutes were started. Between 1954 and 1964, five IITs were started.

Nehru’s strongly believed to minimize Indian’s dependence on western countries in science and technology. Subsequently India attained tremendous progress in medical science, biomedical engineering, genetics, biotechnology, health science, transportation, marine technology, information technology and atomic energy.

Space research:
Independent, India conducted various space explorations and experiments. In 1962, Nehru, with the technical advice of Vikram Sarabhai, formed the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR). Following this, in 1969, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) was established to lead space research. The first rocket launching station was established at Thumba, near Trivandrum.

As a result of the collective efforts of India’s space research experts, first artificial satellite Aryabhatta was successfully launched in 4 975. In addition to satellites, space vehicles and rocket launchers were also developed. It was because of the farsightedness of Nehru that India became the first developing nation to make and launch satellites.

The agencies that develop satellites in India include:

• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA)
• Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)

India has also advanced much in missile technology. Agni and Prithvi are the missiles developed by India. Dr. Raja Ramanna and Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam led experiments in atomic energy sector.

With the new space missions Chandrayan and Mangalayan, India has entered a new era in space exploration. Chandrayan which began in 2008 is Indian’s first lunar mission. With this ‘ India became a member in the coveted group to launch space shuttle to the lunar orbit after USA, Russia, European Space Agency, China and Japan.

Mangalayan is the space mission of India to Mars. It is the Indian made space shuttle that covered the long distance in space. India is all set to take new experiments in space.

Question 4.
Write a note on India’s economic progress after independence.
Answer:
Independent India adopted a mixed economic system, a combination of socialist and capitalist systems. It focused on the development of public sector. The government under Jawaharlal Nehru adopted many projects aimed at economic progress. The projects gave importance to centralised planning. The concept of economic planning was borrowed from Soviet Union.

Economic planning got impetus after independence. The Planning Commission was formed in 1950 with Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. Planning Commission devised many projects for economic progress. Five Year Plans were the schemes implemented by the Planning Commission aimed at the economic progress of the country. Five Year Plans launched in 1951 strengthened India’s agricultural, industrial, energy and educational sectors. The most significant achievement of the plans was the self sufficiency in food production and eradication of poverty.

India accepted foreign aid also for economic progress. Iron and steel industries were started at different places with the aid from foreign countries. They were the Bhilai Steel Plant and Bokaro steel plant with Soviet aid, Rourkela Steel Plant with German aid and Durgapur Steel Plant with British aid. Multi purpose dams played a pivotal role in India’s economic modernization.

They are the primary sources for irrigation and electricity. The largest multi purpose project of India Bhakra Nangal is a pride of the nation. With more irrigational facilities, agricultural production increased. Agricultural production increased with irrigational facilities, and with the use of agricultural machines, hybrid seeds and fertilizers. This came to be known as Green Revolution.

Question 5.
Describe the foreign policy of India.
Or
The foreign policy of independent India is rooted in Panchsheel principles. Substantiate.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru is the chief architect of India’s foreign policy. He was also one of the architects of non-alignment. The basic principles of India’s foreign policy are:

• Resistance to imperialism and colonialism
• Hostility to racism
• Trust in United Nations Organisation
• Peaceful co-existence
• Panchsheel principles
• Emphasis on the need for foreign assistance
• Policy of non-alignment
• Settle international disputes through discussions.
• Maintain good and friendly relations with other nations.
• Ensure international peace and security.
• Panchsheel Principles

The agreement signed by India and China in 1954 are called Panchsheel principles. It was signed by Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Chou Enlai, the Prime Minister of China. Its major provisions are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence
  Panchsheel Principles are a part of India’s foreign policy. India’s approach to all the nations is based on these principles.

Question 6.
Arrange the columns suitably.

Answer:

Question 7.
Choose the related item from Column B and write against those in Column A.

Answer:

Question 8.
Prepare a timeline using the years and events given.

• 1946 – Planning Commission constituted
• 1956 – Formation of Constituent Assembly
• 1954 – Establishment of ISRO
• 1969 – Indian States Reorganisation Act
• 1950 – Panchsheel Principles

Answer:

Question 9.
Arrange the following in chronological order.

• National Education Policy
• Launching of Aryabhata
• First Five Year Plan started
• India became a Republic
• Formation of Andhra State

Answer:

• India became a Republic (1950)
• First Five Year Plan started (1951)
• Formation of Andhra State (1953)
• Launching of Aryabhata (1975)
• National Education Policy (1986)

First General Election in India
The first general election in India was held from 1951 October 25 to 1952 February 21. Election was conducted to 489 Lok Sabha seats.