Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Kerala Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science Solutions Chapter 5 Culture and Nationalism

Question 1.
‘Indian nationalism was a form of protest against and dissent to the British colonialism Substantiate.
Answer:
The realization of British colonial exploitation fuelled Indian nationalism and strengthened the freedom movement. The economic exploitation of the British aroused nationalism among Indians. The 19th century India witnessed two types of protests in cultural and ideological spheres.

The first was a protest against inequality, violations of rights and social evils which existed in the Indian society. The second was the protest against the economic exploitations of the colonial forces. Socio-cultural activities and agitations at various levels positively influenced social life, the press, education, literature, art, etc. The consequent changes in these fields paved the way for national unity in India.

By the 19^th century, English culture and ideologies began to intrude into Indian society. Some Indian leaders found it necessary to resist this cultural invasion: English educated Indians ventured to reform the social customs and rituals prevailed in the country, thereby to defend the invasion of English culture. They tried to reform Indian society, language, art and literature. It motivated to protest against inequalities and violations of rights and created a sense of unity among the people.

Question 2.
The newspapers have a major role in unifying the people of a country. ..Examine the significance of this statement in the Indian context.
Answer:
Indian leaders mostly depended on newspapers to propagate their nationalistic ideologies. The newspapers criticized the British policies and motivated national movement. Ram Mohan Roy’s newspapers ‘Sambath Kaumudi’ in Bengali and ‘Mirat-ul-Akbar’ in Persian focused on social reformation, democracy and nationalism.

Newspapers like Amrita Bazar Patrika, Bombay Samachar, Young India, The Hindu, Bengali, Kesari and Maratha played a major role in propagating nationalistic feelings. Indian newspapers created public awareness on economic exploitation by the British apd disseminated information on massacres, oppressive and repressive rule in various parts of the country. They also motivated the people to protest against the British rule and evils in Indian society.

The newspapers of early days functioned with the aims to create public awareness of various issues, to motivate everyone to participate in the national movement and to prompt the people to treat the problem anywhere in the country as a national problem. Thus the newspapers played a dominant role in bringing unity among the people.

Question 3.
Evaluate how changes in education influenced the emergence of nationalism.
Or
How did the interference of the British in the field of education create a sense of unity among Indians.
Answer:
The English educated Indians found it necessary to resist the intrusion of the British. They started national educational institutions. Encouraged secular education. Education helped Indians fight against the British colonial hegemony over India as well as the social inequality that existed in India. Thus, education created a nationalistic perspective among Indians.

• Establishing national educational institutions was the main means adopted for inculcating nationalism. They imparted secular education to all sections of the society. The Deccan Education Society founded in 1884 in Pune by GGAgarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahadev Govind Ranade was such an institution.
• The Swadeshi Movement started in 1906 founded many educational institutions for the propagation of national education.
• Viswa Bharati, the university founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures.
• A team led by Maulana Mohammad Ali, Shoukath Ali, Dr.Zakir Hussain and M. A.Ansari founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Aligarh to strengthen national movement through secular education.
  All these have helped for the evolution of Indian nationalism.

Question 4.
Examine whether social reformation is essential for national unity.
Answer:
There prevailed many social evils and practices in India. Liberal outlook, passion for modernization and rationalism nurtured in Indian society in the 19th century paved the way for the emergence of various social reform movements. They had two main objectives:

• To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
• To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code.

The socio-religious reformers tried to bring about fundamental changes in the society through the following proposals.

• Eradicate caste system.
• Protect the rights of all.
• Eliminate discrimination against women.
• Provide education to all.
• Promote widow remarriage.
• Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy.

The reformers played a key role in eradicating many social evils. This reformation brought about a sense of national unity and nationalism among the people. Thus we can say that social reformation is essential for national unity.

Question 5.
Identify the correlation between the items in section A and complete section B in the same way.
i. A. Vallathol Narayana Menon: Malayalam
B. Altaf Hussain Hali: ………………..

ii. A. Bharath Mata: Abanindranath Tagore
B. Sati: …………………….

iii. A. Anandamath: Novel
B. Nil Darpan: ………………..

iv. Arya Samaj : Swami Dayananda Saraswati
B. Ramakrishna Mission: …………………
Answer:
i. B. Altaf Hussain Hali: Urdu
ii. B. Sati: Nandalal Bose
iii. B. Nil Darpan : Drama
iv. B. Ramakrishna Mission : Swami Vivekananda

Question 6.
Did the British rule lead to the growth of Indian nationalism? Evaluate.
Answer:
The economic exploitation of the country by the British led to severe anti-British attitude among the people. The protests against the British policies of looting the wealth of India and pushing India to poverty evolved as Indian nationalism. The British introduced many reforms in India to strengthen their rule.

As a result of British colonial rule, English education, culture and ideologies began to intrude into Indian society and Indians decided to resist it. Educated Indians ventured to reform the social customs and rituals prevailed in the country and thereby to defend the invasion of western culture. They tried to protest against inequalities and violation of rights and thus created a sense of unity among the people. Thus the direct and indirect impacts of British colonial rule led to the growth of Indian Nationalism.

Question 7.
Prepare a table listing the social reform movements that existed in various parts of India.
Answer:

Question 8.
How did the ideologies put forward by Indian reform movements create nationalism among Indians? Discuss on the basis of the hints given.
i) Opposition to caste system
ii) Advocating for equal rights
iii) Defending the intrusion of foreign ideas and culture
iv)Protest against social evils
v) Educational development
vi) Protest against discrimination imposed upon women
Answer:
The aim of social reformers was to bring about fundamental changes in Indian society. For this, they put forward the following proposals.

i) Opposition to caste system:
All the reform movements in India opposed the caste system in India. A caste based society existed in India. Social evils and superstitions prevailed in all castes. Ram Mohan Roy propagated the idea of a unified Indian society in the place of a society fragmented over caste lines. This idea prompted patriotism among the people.

ii) Advocating for equal rights:
Women and lower caste people had no rights and privileges in the society. Organisations like Prarthana Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Hitakarini Samaj, etc. worked for the upliftment of lower castes. To improve the status of women, Ram Mohan Roy advocated for the right of women to own property. Many leaders and organisations argued for widow remarriage.

iii) Defending the instrusion of foreign ideas and culture:
When English culture and ideology began to intrude into Indian society in the 19^th century, some Indian leaders found it necessary to resist this cultural invasion. Most of them were English educated Indians who internalized the concepts like democracy, liberty, rationalism, equality, scientific temper, socialism, civil rights, etc.

They ventured to reform the social customs and rituals prevailed in the country, thereby to defend the invasion of western culture. They tried to reform Indian society, language, art and literature. All these created a sense of unity among the people.

iv) Protest against social evils:
Many social evils like Sati, child marriage, slavery, polygamy, female infanticide and denial of rights for widows to remarry existed in Indian society. As a result of the activities of the social reformers and their movements, the British were forced to abolish many social evils through law. Opposition to social evils led to the growth of nationalism.

v) Educational development:
The developments in education helped Indians to fight against British colonial hegemony over India as well as the social inequality that existed in India. Indian leaders used education as a tool to nurture the concept of unity and for liberation from the British domination. Many national educational institutions were started in India during this period. Progress in education led to the growth of nationalism among the Indians.

vi) Protest against the discriminations imposed on women:
Indian women experienced many difficulties. Ram Mohan Roy opposed denying freedom to women. Social reformers severely criticized and opposed social evils like Sati, child marriage, polygamy and female infanticide. Social reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar established educational institutions for women education. The British abolished through law the social evils that were against women.

Question 9.
Examine the role of newspapers in making people aware of exploitation and violation of rights they faced.
Answer:
Newspapers played a key role in making the people aware of the various issues that they face. Newspapers created public awareness on economic exploitation by the British and on the massacres, oppression and repressive rule in various parts of the country. Newspapers started by national leaders criticized the British policies. They propagated the ideas of self rule, democracy, liberty, civil rights, equal rights, etc. among the people. They also inspired people to protest against the British rule and the social evils and superstitions in the Indian society.

Question 10.
Find out the names of Malayalam newspapers published during the time of independence movement and list them.
Answer:

• Deepika(1887)
• Malayala Manorama(1888)
• Kerala Kaumudi (1910)
• Mathrubhumi (1923)
• Swadeshabhimani
• AlAmin
• Sahodaran
• Mithavadi
• Keralodayam
• Kesari
• Kerala Bhooshanam
• Kerala Pathrika
• Malayala Rajyam

Question 11.
Prepare a speech on ‘the Role of the Press in fostering national unity and social reformation in India’.
Answer:
Respected audience,
I would like to share with you some information on the role of the Press in fostering national unity and social reformation in India.

Indian leaders mostly depended on news papers to propagate their nationalistic ideologies. They considered journalism as a social service. The best example for this was a news item that appeared in Sulabh Samachar, an earlier newspaper from Bengal.

The news item “An Indian citizen has lost his naturalness. His life blood has dried up ” points out the plight of the Indians under the British rule. The newspapers of that period reported many such issues in the society.

They also criticized the British policies and motivated national movement. Ram Mohan Roy was the first to start newspaper with a national perspective. His Sambath Kaumudi in Bengali and Mirat-ul- Akbar in Persian focused on social reformation, democracy and nationalism. Following his path, many reformers and national leaders published newspapers in regional languages.

The newspapers during freedom struggle functioned with the aims to create public awareness of various social issues, to motivate everyone to participate in the national movement and to prompt the people to treat the problem anywhere in the country as a national problem. They accomplished this mission in the following ways:

• Disseminated information on massacres, oppression and repressive rule in various parts of the country.
• Motivated the people to protest against the British rule and evils in Indian society.
• Created public awareness on economic exploitation by the British.
• Popularized reformative movements against social evils and superstitions.
• Kept abreast of the global agitations for freedom, democracy and equality.
• Reported the calamities like plague and famines that killed thousands of Indians in various regions.
• Inspired the people to protest and react against the British rule.

Realising the power of the Press, the British imposed stringent measures to control them. During those days, protection, circulation and reading newspapers were considered to be a part of freedom struggle. Thus the newspapers played a key role in fostering national unity and social reformation in India.
Thank you

Question 12.
How did the advancement in education help nurture Indian nationalism?
Or
How did Indian leaders utilise education to promote unity among Indians against the British?
Answer:
The social environment formed during the 19th century paved the way for Indian nationalism.
Soc al reformers and national leaders real ized that establishing national education institutions was the main means to inculcate nationalism. The Deccan Education Society founded in 1884 in Pune was an institution established with a national perspective.

The Visva Bharati University founded by Rabindranath Tagore in Bengal focused on universal brotherhood. To defend the instrusion of western arts and education and to promote traditional arts, Kerala Kalamandalam was founded by Vallathol Narayana Menon. Thus education helped Indians to fight against the British colonial hegemony over India as well as the social inequality that existed in India. Thus education created a nationalist perspective among the Indians.

Question 13.
Following are some ideas envisioned in national education. List the institutions that worked for materializing these ideas.

Answer:

Question 14.
How did literature in various languages motivate Indian nationalism? Discuss.
Or
Elucidate the role of literature in the emergence of nationalism.
Answer:
The protest against the British rule as well as social evils existed in the Indian society reflected in Indian literature. Writers in various parts of India illustrated the agonies and atrocities faced by the people. The readers in other parts experienced these sorrows as theirs and ventured to fight them collectively.

The literary works in various Indian languages of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries led to the emergence of Indian nationalism. Writers shared their resentments with the people through poetry, novel, drama, etc. This developed among the people a sense of patriotism and dissent towards the foreign dominance. Bankim Chandra Chatterji’s ‘Anandamath’ and Dinabandhu Mitra’s ‘Nil Darpan’ depicted the severe exploitation suffered by the indigo farmers in Bengal and the disparity between the rich and the poor in Indian society.

The works of Rabindranath Tagore, Prem Chand, Subratnanya Bharathi, Vallathol Narayana Menon and Muhammad Iqbal helped the growth of nationalism among the people. Many writers from different languages of India contributed patriotic and nationalistic works to Indian literature. Creative expressions of Indian writers helped to inculcate the concept of a unified India among the public.

Question 15.
Painters played a vital role in the emergence of Indian nationalism. Discuss the statement.
Answer:

• The water colour paintings ‘Bharat Mata’ by Abanindranath Tagore helped to inculcate patriotism in Indian minds.
• The picture depicts Bharat Mata giving food, cloth and knowledge to Indian masses. Abanindranath Tagore tried to free Indian painting from western style and to promote oriental painting based on Indian culture and tradition. For this, he started Indian Society of Oriental Arts in Calcutta.
• The famous painting of Nandalal Bose’s ‘Sati’ visualized the dilemma of a woman who was forced to commit Sati. This painting touched Indian hearts and stimulated the protest against the social evil of Sati.
• Nandalal’s another painting ‘Village Drummer’ was exhibited in the Haripura Session of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and was adopted as the picture for the poster of the Congress.
• Following the western style, Raja Ravi Varma visualized various scenes from Indian epics and literature.
• Amrita Sher-Gil painted the sufferings of Indian villages in dark shades ably reflecting their predicaments. Her paintings also motivated people to think about a unified India.

Question 16.
Prepare a project on the factors that contributed to the emergence of Indian nationalism.
Answer:
Topic: The factors that contributed to the emergence of Indian nationalism
Introduction:
Nationalism is the sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion. Indian nationalism began to take shape in the 19^th century.
The factors that contributed to the emergence of Indian nationalism are:
i) Social reforms
ii) Newspapers
iii) Education
iv) Literature
v) Art
vi) British colonial rule
Answer:
i) Social reforms:
The social reforms that emerged in India in the 19th century paved the way for the growth of Indian nationalism. Ram Mohan Roy, the pioneer among social reformers is considered as the father of Indian nationalism. The social reform movements of this period like Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosophical Society, Ramakrishna Mission, etc. roused the awareness of nationalism among the Indians.

These movements tried to put an end to the caste system and social evils prevailing in the Indian society. Ram Mohan Roy propagated the idea of a unified Indian society in the place of a society fragmented over caste lines. This idea prompted patriotism among the people.

ii) Newspapers:
The newspapers spread the exploitation of British rule. Indian leaders mostly depended on newspapers to propagate their nationalistic ideologies. The newspapers criticized the British policies and motivated national movement. The newspapers during freedom struggle functioned with the aims to create public awareness of various social issues, to motivate everyone to participate in the national movement and to prompt the people to treat the problem anywhere in the country as a national problem.

The newspapers created public awareness on economic exploitation by the British and on the massacres, oppression and repressive rule in various parts of the‘country. Newspapers like Sambath Kaumudi, Harijan, The Hindu and Bengali contributed greatly to the growth of nationalism.

iii) Education:
Indigenous education policy was framed to oppose the foreign rule. Establishing national educational institutions was the main means adopted for inculcating nationalism. The Deccan Educational Society founded in 1884 in Pune was an educational institution established with a nationalistic perspective.

The Visva Bharati University founded by Rabindranath Tagore aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures. Education helped Indians to fight against the British colonial hegemony over India as well as the social inequality that existed in India. Thus education created a nationalistic perspective among the Indians.

iv) Literature:
The protest against the British rule as well as social evils existed in the Indian society reflected in Indian literature. Writers in various parts of India illustrated the agonies and atrocities faced by the people. The readers in other parts experienced these sorrows as theirs and ventured to fight them collectively. Writers shared their resentments with people through poetry, novel, drama, etc. This developed among the people a sense of patriotism and dissent towards foreign dominance.

The works like Gitanjali and Ghora of Rabindranath Tagore, Nil Darpan of Dinabandhu Mitra and the famous patriotic song ‘Sare Jahan Se Accha Hindustan Hamara’ by Muhammad Iqbal helped the growth of nationalism among the people. Creative expressions of Indian writers helped to inculcate the concept of a unified India among the public.

v) Art:
Artists and painters also contributed to the growth of nationalism among Indians. They depicted the condition of Indian society. Drew pictures viewing India as unified. The water colour painting ‘Bharat Mata’ by Abanindranath Tagore helped to inculcate patriotism in Indian minds.

He tried to free Indian painting from western style and promoted oriental painting. The paintings ‘Sati’ and ‘Village Drummer’by Nandalal Bose instilled nationalism among the people. The paintings of Amrita Sher-Gil who painted the sufferings of Indian villages in dark shades motivated people to think about a unified India.

National Symbols:
The national symbols like National Flag and National Emblem helped to nurture nationalism in Indian minds. Along with these, the National Anthem written by Rabindranath Tagore also helped to create national consciousness.

vi) British colonial rule:
The economic exploitation by the British helped the growth of nationalism in India. The tax policies of the British affected the farmers harmfully. When English culture and ideology began to intrude into Indian society in the 19^th century, some Indian leaders found it necessary to resist this cultural invasion.

Most of them were English educated Indians who internalized the concepts like democracy, liberty, equality, rationalism, scientific temper, socialism, civil rights, etc. They ventured to reform the social customs and rituals prevailed in the country. Their efforts motivated to protest against inequalities and violation of rights and create a sense of unity among the people.

Conclusion:
The intense desire of the Indians to gain freedom, equality and sovereignty reflected in literature, art, education, newspapers and social reforms. This led to the emergence of Indian nationalism.