RBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Universe and Organic Evolution
RBSE Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16 Universe and Organic Evolution
Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 Science Solutions Chapter 16 Universe and Organic Evolution
Textbook Questions Solved
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1:
Which of the following was present before the creation of the universe?
(a) Water
(b) Truth
(c) Untruth
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these
Question 2:
Which scientist reinvigorated the concept of static universe?
(a) Darwin
(b) Oparin
(c) Einstein
(d) Stanley Miller
Answer:
(c) Einstein
Question 3:
Which is the most accepted theory on origin of universe?
(a) Static universe
(b) Big Bang
(c) Biocentrism
(d) Indian cosmology
Answer:
(b) Big Bang
Question 4:
Photosynthetic life was present on earth since how long?
(a) 4 billion years ago
(b) 3 billion years ago
(c) 5 billion years ago
(d) Infinity
Answer:
(a) 4 billion years ago
Question 5:
Which term is used for a group of individuals which maintain its form through many generations?
(a) Genus
(b) Order
(c) Family
(d) Species
Answer:
(d) Species
Universe and Organic Evolution Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 6:
Origin of universe has been discussed in which part of Rigveda?
Answer:
Sukti 10, Hymn 129
Question 7:
Can life be considered as a group of molecules?
Answer:
Yes
Question 8:
Modem life is considered to be based on which molecule?
Answer:
DNA
Question 9:
What has changed in scientific thinking about primitive atmosphere on earth?
Answer:
That primitive atmosphere may not have been of reducing nature.
Question 10:
Which term is used for evolutionary history of a species?
Answer:
Phylogeny
Universe and Organic Evolution Short Answer Type Questions
Question 11:
How do we get to know about extinct species?
Answer:
Fossils are the best means to know about an extinct species. A fossil can reveal almost the whole structure of a organism. Carbon dating of fossil can also reveal its age.
Question 12:
The fossil of archaeopteryx was found in which condition?
Answer:
When an organism buried under many layers then we only get a diagram-like impression of that organjsm. Fossil of archaeopteryx was found in this form.
Question 13:
What are vestigial organs? Write the name of any one such organ in human body.
Answer:
An organ which has no role to play is called vestigial organ. Appendix is a vestigial organ.
Question 14:
Can life on earth come from extraterrestrial sources?
Answer:
Life on earth coming from another celestial body is also a well accepted concept among some sections of the scientific community. They believe that life did not originate on earth rather came from some celestial body in the form of microspores. Lord Kelvin, Von Holmholtz, etc. proposed this concept in the nineteenth century. This concept was supported with new facts by Fred Hoyle, Vikramsinghe, Jayantvishnu Narlikar, etc. in the twentieth century. But compared to Primordial Soup Theory, this concept could not gain much acceptance.
Universe and Organic Evolution Long Answer Type Questions
Question 15:
Explain Indian cosmology in context of origin of universe.
Answer:
Philosophers and thinkers of India have been debating about the origin of the universe since Vedic period.
Swami Vivekanand had aptly explained the knowledge in the Vedas by saying that conscious divided into many from a unit and made the universe. Numerous kinds of animals and plants which we see in this world are different form of that consciousness. This thought of a single form is called ‘ Adwaita’.
When we look around us then it becomes clear that every object begins from a seed, reaches its maximum potential through development and evolution and is finally destroyed after producing seed. A bird comes into existence from an egg and its existence continues by means of an egg. This cycle of egg and bird goes on forever. This is the fundamental rule in the whole universe.
A tree makes seeds but a seed does not become a tree at the same instance when it is formed. The seed has to wait for a certain period in soil so that it can prepare itself for the future. Similarly, the universe also carries out some necessary activities which are not apparent. This stage is called holocaust or the stage before creation.
Question 16:
Describe the theory of biocentrism. What is the difference between this concept and physical concept of origin of universe?
Answer:
Robert Lanza and astrologist Bob Berman came with theory of Biocentrism in 2007. As per this theory, the universe came into existence because of life. In other words, the universe was created so that life could be created and evolved. Hence, consciousness is the only path to understand the various manifestations of the universe. We cannot imagine a universe without consciousness.
Proponents of biocentrism say that every act in the universe appears to happen in the interest of the mankind. The meteor which fell on the earth millions of years ago to wipe out dinosaurs fell in human interest because it paved the way for rapid evolution of mammals.
On the other hand, physical theories suggest that life evolved in consonance with laws of physics and chemistry. They think that various physical and chemical changes were the reasons for creation of life rather the other way round as in biocentrism.
Question 17:
What do you understand by Big Bang Theory? What is the difference between Indian cosmology and Big Bang Theory?
Answer:
As per the Big Bang Theory, the universe came into existence as a result of a big explosion which happened 13.8 billion years ago in a highly dense and extremely hot object. The way shards and pieces fly away after an explosion, the components of the universe are still flying away from each other.
Indian cosmology talks about some form of consciousness which creates and sustains the universe. Big Bang talks about a physical process which resulted in creation of universe. However, Iridian cosmology talks about intermittent periods of holocaust which can be taken as similar to the Big Bang explosion which resulted in formation of the universe.
Question 18:
What do you understand by organic evolution? Explain organic evolution in your own words.
Answer:
The concept of organic evolution says that every living being which we see today has a common ancestor. In other words, every life form has originated from the first life form to appear on the earth.
Numerous species of modem times have evolved through various stages through a very long period. Some logic in its favour is as follows:
In spite of so much variation in appearance the skeletons of forelimbs of human, cheetah, fins of fish and wings of bat show the same fundamental structure. This shows that these animals have come from a common ancestor.
All multicellular organisms are composed of eukaryotic cells. Trypsin, the enzyme to digest protein, works in the same way right from the unicellular organisms to humAnswer: DNA, which controls the characters of organisms, work in the same way in all organisms. These facts prove the concept of organic evolution.
A careful study of classification of organisms shows that multicellular organisms have evolved from unicellular organisms.
Universe and Organic Evolution Additional Questions Solved
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1:
Which of the following has given good explanation of Vedic hymns on creation of the universe?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Swami Vivekanand
(c) Krishna
(d) Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
(b) Swami Vivekanad
Question 2:
Who came up with theory of biocentrism?
(a) Robert Lanza
(b) Stephen Hawkins
(c) Einstein
(d) Newton
Answer:
(a) Robert Lanza
Question 3:
Big Bang is supposed to have happened how many years ago?
(a) 4.5 billion years
(b) 7 billion years
(c) 13.8 billion years
(d) 20 billion years
Answer:
(c) 13.8 billion years
Question 4:
Who conducted experiment to verify Oparin’s theory about creation?
(a) Haldane
(b) Jagdish Chandra Bose
(c) Birbal Sahni
(d) Miller
Answer:
(d) Miller
Question 5:
Who was the first to logically explain organic evolution?
(a) Charles Darwin
(b) Urey
(c) Lamarck
(d) Mendel
Answer:
(a) Charles Darwin
Universe and Organic Evolution Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
What is biocentrism?
Answer:
Biocentrism is a theory which assumes life as reason for all happenings in the world.
Question 2:
What are homologous organs?
Answer:
Organs which are different in function and appearance but have same fundamental structure are called homologous organs.
Question 3:
The term ‘mutation’ was coined by whom?
Answer:
Hugo De Vries
Question 4:
What is eukaryotic organism?
Answer:
An organism with organized nucleus is called eukaryotic organism.
Question 5:
What is the full form of DNA?
Answer:
Deoxy ribose nucleic acid
Universe and Organic Evolution Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
Briefly explain Ekpyrotic model.
Answer:
Paul Steinhardt of Princeton University has proposed Ekpyrotic Model and has said that the universe came into existence as a result of collision of two three-dimensional universes in fourth dimension. This theory also accepts the expansion of the universe but this expansion is quite different than the one as proposed in Big Bang theory. The universe is expanding like a rubber membrane. The structures in the universe are going away from each other but there is no locus of this ever expanding distance.
Question 2:
How was life created, as per Oparin and Haldane?
Answer:
Life has evolved from complex combination of chemical substances. Presence of methane on various celestial bodies indicates that the primitive atmosphere on earth was highly reducing in nature because of presence of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapour. Compounds formed after combination of these elements underwent further combinations to form complex compounds. Different forms of those complex compounds had laid the foundation of life. In due course of time, primitive life forms went through a prolonged phase of struggle and competition to create the living world which we witness today.
Question 3:
How can we say that modern life form is fully based on DNA?
Answer:
The modern life form is fully based on DNA. The information stored in DNA is carried from nucleus to cytoplasm by RNA. Ribosomes in cytoplasm, make proteins (enzymes) as per the message from DNA. Catalysis by protein controls all the biological processes. A cell manufactures every type of thing. Many proteins (enzymes) are utilized while making the DNA.
Question 4:
How do scientists determine the age of a fossil?
Answer:
The age of a fossil can be determined by two methods. In the first method, age of a fossil is determined by depth at which it was found. A fossil from deeper layers is older than one from a shallower layer. Another method involves the use of carbon dating, which works on finding the level of C-12 (an isotope of carbon) in the fossil.
Question 5:
How did giraffes evolved, as per Lamarck?
Answer:
As per Lamarck, giraffes evolved in following steps:
- There were groups of giraffes with short necks.
- Some giraffes were born with unusually longer necks.
- Giraffes with longer necks had better access to food as they could reach even the topmost branches of a tree.
- Such giraffes grew healthier and produced more progenies.
- Gradually, giraffes with longer necks replaced those with shorter necks.
Universe and Organic Evolution Long Answer Type Questions
Question 1:
Explain the experiment conducted by Miller.
Answer:
The apparatus contained a round bottom flask, a electric discharge bulb, and a condenser. The round bottom flask was filled with water and air was sucked out of it. It was followed by filling the flask with methane, ammonia and hydrogen in 2:1:2 ratio.
Miller’s experimental set-up to prepare organic compounds
When water started to boil due to electric discharge then the resultant vapour facilitated movement of gases in circular fashion. The vapour was analysed after condensation. Miller continued to analyse the condensed liquid continuously for a week. His analysis revealed presence of various organic compounds, like amino acid, acetic acid, etc. This experiment proved that organic compounds which are fundamental to life have been made from inorganic substances.
Question 2:
Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution.
Answer:
Darwin’s theory of evolution is as follows:
- Individuals of every species can produce a large number of progenies. But not two individuals look alike.
- More number of individuals results in intense competition for various resources like food, shelter and other resources.
- Only the fittest individual survives in this competition and others perish.
- Nature selects those traits which make an individual fit to survive. Such individuals are able to produce more progenies and thus desirable characters are inherited in subsequent generations.
- A new species evolves through this process in due course of time.
The Complete Educational Website