RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Political Science: Meaning, Nature & Scope

November 16, 2021

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Political Science: Meaning, Nature & Scope

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Textual Questions

RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer type Questions

Question 1.
From where has the word ‘Politics’ been derived ? What does this word mean?
Answer:
‘Politics’ has been derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’, which means ‘city – state’.

Question 2.
In which context has Aristotle described the word ‘Politics’?
Answer:
Aristotle has described the word ‘Politics’ as a study of city – state and its problems related to life, activities, happenings and behaviours.

Question 3.
In which context is ‘Politics’ word explained in modern times?
Answer:
‘In modern times, ‘Politics’ is explained as a systematic and arranged study of state, government and different aspects and relationships of the society.

Question 4.
What is the definition of Political Science given by Laski?
Answer:
According to Laski, “Study of Political Science is related to the lives of men connected with the organised state.”

Question 5.
Name any four Political thinkers who believe Political Science to be a science.
Answer:
Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Laski.

Question 6.
Which ancient Indian scholars considered Poltical Science as an art?
Answer:
Manu, Shukra, Kautilya, Brihaspati, etc.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which are the main features of traditional view of Political Science ?
Answer:
The main features of traditional point of view of Political Science are as follows:

Traditional view of Political Science is idealistic, philosophical and Utopian. It gives emphasis on values, ideals and morals.
It lays emphasis on historical and explanatory methods, and considers the state, the government and institutions as matter of study.
According to traditional view, definitions of Political Science can be divided into four categories:
- As the study of state.
- As the study of government.
- As the study of state and government.
- As the study of state, government and the individual.
These views make a fine distinction between Political Science and other social sciences.
It holds a static view towards politics as it is at institutional.

Question 2.
Write the main features of modern view of Political Science ?
Answer:
Main features of modern view of Political Science are as follows:

Human behaviour, power, influence, decision making, reason, experiential based, relevant and data – based study and psychological theories are included in Political Science.
It holds a dynamic view of Political Science as it gives emphasis on practical aspect.
This view studies the non – formal side of politics as it follows psychological and social science methods.
It uses empirical study.
It wants to develop experience-based, objective and realistic approach to Political Science.
It studies universal Political Science.
It wants to develop unity of social sciences through inter – disciplinary approach.

Question 3.
How does the modern point of view make Political Science a science?
Answer:
The modern point of view of Political Science has expanded the scope of its study. Now political activities are also studied in Political Science, along with the study of state and government. It includes the study of non – political elements along with the political behaviour of man, and also the elements influencing man’s political behaviour. It has started taking help of mathematical, statistical and research methods.

All these statistical and objective methods have made Political Science an empirical science. These methods have widened the scope of Political Science and created dialogues and interactions among different social sciences. This has helped in problem solving also. So, modern view point makes Political Science a science.

Question 4.
Political Science cannot be considered a science. Give two arguments in support of this statement.
Answer:
Political Science cannot be considered as a science. Two arguments are as following:
1. Research and experiements like science are not possible:
Research and experiments are not possible in Political Science. Subject matter of natural sciences includes non – living things like summer, winter, sound, light, etc.

So experiments can easily be carried out in laboratories and correct and exact evaluations can be made, whereas, Political Science is a social science. Its subject matter includes living and emotional human being and his behaviour that keeps changing according to circumstances.

2. Relation of cause – effect cannot be established easily:
This is one of the basic fundamentals of science that cause – effect relation can be established in it. Political Science works on assumption, probability and approximation. So, cause – effect relationship cannot be established in Poltical Science and it cannot be called a science.

Question 5.
How has Herbert Simon explained Political Science?
Answer:
Herbert Simon was the first thinker who related philosophical and economic thoughts. He was a supporter of modern view of Political Science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978. His work Administrative Behaviours is considered an important work to study the process of decision making. He has considered Political Science as a science of decision making. He thought that decision means choosing one out of many options.

When there is a problem, then there are many solutions. Decision maker has to choose any one of them to get maximum profit or the desired aim. Intelligence of a man is in selecting that option which can give maximum positive and minimum negative results. According to Simon, decision making should be based on logical choice. He considered that Political Science is study of government and the main objective of the government is decision making. So, Political Science can be called as a science of decision making.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the nature of Political Science according to traditional and modern point of view.
Answer:
Scholars lack unanimity about the nature of Political Science. Some scholars consider it as a Science, while others doubt its scientific components and consider it as an Art. Nature of Political Science According to Traditional Viewpoint Traditional thinkers do not consider Political Science as a science. Buckle believed, “In the present situation of knowledge, it is impossible to consider Political Science as science, rather in arts, it’s the most lacking art.”

Traditional view of Political Science considers it as an art and lays emphasis on should be. This implies that Political Science is not a science. Buckle, Kamte, Metland, Brojen, Burke, etc. thinkers did not consider Political Science as a science.

Following arguments can be given in this favour:
1. Research and experiments are not possible:
Natural science adopts the methods of observation and experiments along with presumptions and hypothesis, whereas in Political Science, hypothesis is possible, but it cannot be tested through research and experiments.

2. Difficult to establish cause – effect relationship:
Basic feature of science is that cause – effect relationship can be established. Political Science works on imagination, possiblility and probability. So, a clear and visible cause – effect relationship cannot be established in Political Science. So, Political Science is not a science.

3. Lack of exact measurements:
There are many modern equipments for exact measurements in science, whereas in political science, political behaviour and thinking of human beings is studied who are affected by various feelings, emotions, etc. Exact measure of these feeling is not possible.

4. Absence of acceptable universal methodology:
Political Science lacks the universally – accepted methodology, which is there in natural sciences. So it cannot be considered as a science.

5. Lack of correct predictions:
Science has fixed rules and accurate predictions can be made on the basis of exact laws of generalizations, but this is not possible in Political Science. Only assumptions are possible here.

6. Difference in nature of subject matter:
The subject matter of natural science includes inanimate objects, whereas subject matter of Political Science includes living human beings. Their behaviour is not inanimate and uniform like that of a substance.

Nature of Political Science according to modern view:
point Supporters of modern view of Political Science consider it a science. They want to make it a complete science. Thinkers like Bodin, Hobbes, Bryse, Bluntschli, Laski, Finer and Jelineck accepted Political Science as a science. It is not right to compare Political Science with natural science. This is basically a social science and it has all the main features in this regard.

Following arguments can be given for Political Science being a science:
1. Systematic and organised knowledge:
Just as natural sciences are systematic, organised and catogerised, Political Science also explains the knowledge of state, government, political organisations, assumptions and methodologies in the same way.

2. Experiments are possible:
Political Science is a social science. So laboratory methods of experiments is not possible here, still it is possible to carry out experiments in Political Science. Many such experments have been done in history.

3. Relation between cause – effect is possible:
Generalisation and cause – effect relationship is possible in Political Science in some cases.

4. Predictions are possible:
It is not possible to predict in Political Science as exactly and correctly as in natural sciences, still predictions are possible in Political Science, like weather forecast.

5. Universal methodology:
Universal methodology also exists in Political Science just like other sciences. For example, the following statement of Lord Acton is accepted universally, “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

Question 2.
Differentiate between traditional and mouern views of Political Science.
Answer:
Difference between traditional and modern views of Political Science:
1. Differences of Definitions:
Traditional thinkers consider Political Science as a study of state and government. As Garner has written, “Political Science begins and ends with the state”. In contrast to this, modern thinkers are of the view that Political Science is study of man’s political behaviour. As lass well and Kaplin have said, “Political Science is the study of shaping and sharing of power”.

2. Difference in Nature:
Traditional thinkers of Political Science consider it as an ‘Art’ and give emphasis on ‘should be’. As Buckle believed, “In the present situation of knowledge Political Science far from being a science, it is the most lacking Art”. Since ages, Manu, Kautilya, Shukra, etc. Indian political thinkers had defined it as an art of governance. Ancient Greek thinkers like Plato also considered it as an art of government, whereas modern political thinkers consider Political Science as science and lay emphasis on relavant, data-based objective and mathematical study.

3. Differences in study methods:
Traditional Political Science uses philosophical, historical and comparative methods for study. These methods are old and unrefined. On the other hand, study of modern Political Science uses statistical experiential – based and inter-disciplinary methods. Modern political thinkers analyse and predict man’s political behaviour and experienced truths related to it.

4. Differences regarding values:
Traditional view of Political Science is free of values. It is affected by subjective and individual approach. Traditional thinkers believed in ethics and morality. Whereas, modem view of Political Science gives no emphasis on it. According to modern view, political thinkers keep themselves separated from morality, values, ethics and prejudices and carry on research using scientific methods.

5. Differences in Aim and Purpose:
Purpose of traditional Political Science is achievement of good life. On the other hand, purpose of modern political science is not achievement of good life, but it is to explain the political happenings in their real perspective. Modern political thinkers are of the view that a political thinker cannot be a passive onlooker, but he has to try to solve the problems.

6. Differences in scope:
Under traditional Political Science, present, past and future of a state is studied, along with organs, methods and responsibilities of governments. Whereas, modern political thinkers do not study institutions, rather they study methods. They like to study who makes the law, who decides to make laws and the real process of law – making, rather than studying the executive or parliament.

Question 3.
Explain traditional and modern views of definition nature and scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Traditional View:
‘Politics’ word has been derived from the Greek word ‘Polis’, which means ‘City state’. The study or knowledge of city – state and its related life, happenings, activities, behaviour and organisations is politics. Political Science is defined into four types according to traditional view:

As the study of state.
As the study of government.
As the study of state and government.
As the study of state, government and man. In the words of Garner, “Political science begins and ends with the state.”

Traditional thinkers consider Political Science as a subject that studies state, government and man. It is impossible to think about the government in the absence of the state as the government uses the power given by the state. State is an abstract concept without the government and man is the primary unit of the state. So, according to traditional view, Political Science is a study of inter – relationship between State, government and man.

Nature:
According to traditional view, Political Science is the study of state, government and its organs, and duties of political institutions, man; and inter – relations of man and state. This view is idealistic, philosophical and ethical. This view gives importance to values, morals and ethics.

Scope:
Scope of Political Science means the extent of its subject matter. Different traditional thinkers and the UNESCO have included the following in the subject matter of Political Science:

Study of political life of man.
Study of state.
Study of government.
Study of local, national and international problems.
Study of political parties and pressure groups.
Study of political philosophy and ideologies.
Study of international relationships.
Study of diplomacy.
Study of local government.
Study of international organisations.
Study of international laws.

Modern View
Meaning:
According to modern view, Political Science is related to systematic and organised study of state, government and different aspects and relationships of the society with government. According to modern view, Political Science can be defined in four parts:

Political Science is study of human activities.
Study of Power.
Study of political arrangements.
Study of decision – making process.

Modern Political Science gives emphasis on study of political behaviour of man, political activities and all those informal aspects that affect politics rather than the study of government and state only. In this way, modern view is more empirical and practical than the traditional view.

Nature:
According to modern view, political behaviour of man is to be studied in Political Science and all political institutions also are to be studied in realistic aspects.

Scope:
Modern view, which is wide and practical, came into existence after the Second World war. According to this view, following topics are included in the subject matter of Political Science:

Study of political behaviour of man
Study of political processes
Study of power
Inter disciplinary study
Use of scientific methods
Study of various ideologies and philosophies

Question 4.
Write an article on the modern view of Political Science.
Answer:
Traditional view of Political Science was unable to present any general principle of politics, because it was explanatory, formal and ethical. As a result, need for a new concept was felt. A new, wider and realistic approach for Political Science arose after the Second World War, which was known as modern view of Political Science.

Modern political thinkers have included psychological principles along with realistic and data – based study of human behaviours, power, influence, decision – making process and data-based study. Catlin, Lass well, Merriam, Max Webber, Russell and Margenthau are included among the supporters of modern view.

Definition of Political Science: Modern View
1. Political Science is the study of human activities:
Modern political thinkers consider Political Science to be a science that studies political activities of man and social, economic and other aspects of human life. According to Catlin, “Political Science is study of organised human society and it deals primarily with political aspects of the life of the community.”

2. Political Science is the study of power:
Modern political thinkers consider power as the basic unit of Political Science. According to Catlin, “Political Science is the science of power.”

3. Political Science is the study of political system:
Political system is a comprehensive concept. It includes both the formal structures of governance, as well as informal elements that influence the governance. According to thinkers like David Easton and Almond, “Political Science is study of whole political system.”

4. Political Science is the study of policy making and decision – making process:
Some behaviourist thinkers consider Political Science as subject of study of policy, decision and decision making. According to Lasswell, “Political Science is science of policy making.”

Nature of Political Science: Modern View
Supporters of modern view consider Political Science as a science. According to them, Political science is basically a social science and it has all the elements of science. Merriam gave emphasis in his writings that it was the greatest need of the time to use scientific techniques and methods in Political Science. According to Catlin and Harold Lowell, “Political Science is basically a science ajid it is related to scientific analysis of political organisations.”

Scope of Political Science: Modern View
Modern view of Political Science has provided comprehensiveness to the scope of Political Science. Now political processes are also studied in Political Science along with state and government. It studies both the political as well as non – political elements that affect the political behaviour of man.

Mathematical and statistical approaches are now being used. Political Science is now given such a wide scope that not only the state, but also the society is included in Political Science. Political science is now being studied as a policy – making science. It has become a study of power. As a result, scope of Political Science has become widened.

Question 5.
Explain that Political Science is both an art as well as a science.
Answer:
Scholars lack unanimity about the nature of Political Science. Some consider it as a science, while some others doubt its scientific aspect and consider it as an art.

Political Science as a science:
Political Science is termed as a science. Though, it is not a science as are other natural sciences, but it is social science. Famous scholar Aristotle termed it as “the best science”. Systematic and judicious study of any subject is called science. It will be a radical view not to consider Political Science as a science. It can be termed as a science on the following basis :

1. Systematic and organised knowledge:
Science is systematic, organised and categorised. Political Science explains the state, government, political organisations, concepts, etc. in the same way. It explains the origin and development in the same way. It also explains the origin and development of state in a systematic manner – as Doesscience. Data and facts are also used for this purpose.

2. Observation and experiments are possible:
As Political Science is a social science, laboratory experiments are not possible like natural sciences, still some experiments are possible. For example, it has been derived on the basis of experiments that democracy is a must for the establishment of fundamental duties of citizens. In the same way, it can be concluded on the basis of domain of state, that it is better to follow the policy of welfare state than to limit the domain of state.

3. Acceptable universal methods and conclusions are possible:
Universal methods and conclusions can be derived in Political Science also. Ancient Indian thinker Kautilya and Greek philosopher Aristotle had evolved some common principles and conclusions that are relevant even to this day. The statement of Lord Acton has got universal acknowiedgement that, “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” In the same way, this fact is also acknowleged that economic freedom is as necessary as political freedom for the all – round development of an individual.

4. It is possible to establish cause – effect relationship:
Some scholars are of the view that since it is not possible to establish cause-effect relationship in Political Science, it is not a science. But the reality is that there is always some reason behind every happening and change. For example, this can be concluded on the basis of the study of the different revolutions in the world that revolutions took place because of the public dissatisfaction aroused from proud and uncaring behaviour of the rulers, incompetent governance, social discrimination, political and economic corruption, etc.

5. Predictions are possible:
It is not possible to predict accurately and absolutely in Political Science as in natural science, but it is possible to predict like weather forcast in meteorology. Exit polls are also able to predict election results.

Political Science as an Art:
Political Science can be an art by nature. Two features are necessary for any subject to be an art. First is – possibility of applying the theoretical knowledge of the subject in practice. Second – The subject should be value-based to make life more happy. Political Science has both these features. So, it is an art also. Ancient Indian thinkers had considered Political Science as an art, whereas Plato described Political Science as an art of governance.

Political Science uses its theoretical knowledge for the art of governance and in order to execute its policies through administrative organisations. The main purpose behind all these efforts is to make human life beautiful, valuable and complete. It not only studies how the life was in the past, but it also studies the present life and how life would be in the future. It makes a lot of practical efforts to incorporate these values and ethics. In this regard also, this is an art.

Political Science is both an art and a science:
Political Science is both an art as a well as science by nature. Though it is not a natural science, it is a social science. It is an art by its purpose and works. It is data – based and value -based. It has the features of both an art and a science. When Political Science studies its subject matter theoretically, its a science; but when it applies these principles for increasing the comfort of human life, it becomes an art. In this way, Political Science is both an art as well as a science.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
“Political Science starts with the state and ends with the state.” This definition is given by –
(a) Garner
(b) Bluntschli
(c) Seeley
(d) Leacock
Answer:
(a) Garner

Question 2.
Which thinker has considerd Political Science as a ‘complete’ or Paramount science ?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Gandhi
(d) Machiavelli
Answer:
(a) Aristotle

Question 3.
Why is Political Science called a science ?
(a) Unanimity of concepts
(b) Definitencess of decision
(c) Prediction of results
(d) Systematic study
Answer:
(d) Systematic study

Question 4.
Traditional view of Political Science was mainly focused on –
(a) study of state and government
(b) study of power and validity
(c) study of political system
(d) study of political processes
Answer:
(a) study of state and government

Question 5.
‘Political Science is a subject related to government’. This definition is given by –
(a) Gilchrist
(b) Seeley
(c) Leacock
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Leacock

Question 6.
Which of the following is not included in the scope of Political Science ?
(a) study of state
(b) study of government
(c) study of political parties and pressure groups
(d) study of conflict and consent in the matter of public problems
Answer:
(d) study of conflict and consent in the matter of public problems

Question 7.
Which of the following arguments proves that Political Science is not a science ?
(a) Political science studies its subject matter systematically.
(b) Political science explains the relationship of cause and effect.
(c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts.
(d) Observations and experiments are possible in Political Science.
Answer:
(c) Political science lacks universally acceptable concepts.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Other Important Questions

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Objective Questions

Question 1.
“Man by nature is a political creature, and he, who lives without society or state is either God or animal.” Whose statement is this ?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Garner
(d) Gandhiji
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 2.
How is Political Science defined as per traditional view ?
(a) As study of state
(b) As study of government
(c) As study of state, government and power
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 3.
Who among the following scholars has considered Political Science as the study of state ?
(a) Garner
(b) Garris
(c) Gettell
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 4.
“Political Science is related to general problems of state and government.” This is a statement given by –
(a) Gilchrist
(b) Paul Janet
(c) Demock
(d) Laski
Answer:
(a) Gilchrist

Question 5.
“Political Science is related to state and its instrument-government”. This statement has been given by –
(a) Leacock
(b) Janet
(c) Demock
(d) Hermon Heller
Answer:
(c) Demock

Question 6.
Who among the following scholars has considered Political Science as the science of power ?
(a) David Easton
(b) Almond
(c) Lasswell
(d) Catlin
Answer:
(d) Catlin

Question 7.
“Political Science is the science of decision making”. This statement has been made by –
(a) Herbert Simon
(b) Lasswell
(c) David Easlon
(d) Catlin
Answer:
(a) Herbert Simon

Question 8.
Which of the following arguments proves that Political Science is a science ?
(a) Systematic and organised study
(b) Universal concepts
(c) Ability of prediction
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these

Question 9.
Who is the writer of ‘Statesman’ ?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Kautilya
(d) Brogan
Answer:
(b) Plato

Question 10.
Who among the following has considered Political Science as the supreme art of governance ?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Catlin
(d) Seeley
Answer:
(a) Plato

Question 11.
“Political Science is all art, philosophy and science.” Who said this ?
(a) Catlin
(b) Metland
(c) Garner
(d) Buckle
Answer:
(a) Catlin

Question 12.
Supporter of modern view of Political Science is –
(a) Catlin
(b) Lasswell
(c) Robert A. Dahl
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 13.
Which is included in scope of Political Science according to the modern view ?
(a) Study of state
(b) Study of government
(c) Study of international aspect
(d) Study of political behaviour of man
Answer:
(d) Study of political behaviour of man

Question 14.
Feature of modern Political Science is –
(a) Free study
(b) Scientific
(c) Practical approach
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 15.
“In the present state of knowledge, far from being a science, Political Science is the most lacking art.” This statement is by –
(a) Garner
(b) Buckle
(c) Catlin
(d) Aristotle
Answer:
(b) Buckle

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
In to how many parts did ancient Indian thinkers divide Vidyas’?
Answer:

Treyi
Varta
Anvikshiki
Dandaniti

Question 2.
What was ‘Treyi Vidya’?
Answer:
The knowledge that included knowledge of Vedas, Vedangas and ethical and spiritual subjects was called Treyi Vidya.

Question 3.
What was meant by ‘Varta’?
Answer:
That knowledge which gave education about agriculture, animal rearing, handicraft and business was called Varta’.

Question 4.
Name the knowledge related to materialistic achievements and money-making?
Answer:
Varta.

Question 5.
What was meant by ‘Anvikshiki’?
Answer:
The knowledge that maintained balance between the efforts done for ‘Treyi’ and ‘Varta’, was called ‘Anvikshiki’.

Question 6.
What was called as ‘Dandaniti’ ?
Answer:
Organisational arrangement of enforcement in accordance with the criteria of Anvikshiki for the fulfilment of materialistic and spirtual purpose of human life has been called as ‘Dandaniti’.

Question 7.
“Dandaniti is real knowledge.” Who said this?
Answer:
This was said by Acharya Shukra.

Question 8.
Which word is used in ancient Indian philosophy for today’s Political Science?
Answer:
Dandaniti.

Question 9.
‘Political Science is the study of state’. Name the main supporters of this view.
Answer:
Bluntschli, Garner, Garris, Gettle, etc.

Question 10.
What is the definition of Political Science as given by Gamer?
Answer:
According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.”

Question 11.
According to traditional thinkers, what is the subject matter of Political Science?
Answer:
Traditional thinkers consider Political Science as a subject that performs the study of state, government and man.

Question 12.
Name any two thinkers who considered Political Science as a study of human activities.
Answer:

Catlin
Juvinell.

Question 13.
Name two political thinkers who considered Political Science as study of power.
Answer:

Lasswell
Catlin.

Question 14.
What is the definition of Political Science as given by Lasswell?
Answer:
According to Lasswell, “Political Science is the science of policy-making”.

Question 15.
Name any two modern political thinkers who considered Political Science as the study of political system.
Answer:

David Easton
Almond.

Question 16.
How has David Easton defined political system?
Answer:
According to David Easton, “Political system is an authoritative allocation of values in any society.”

Question 17.
Which types of methods of study are given emphasis by traditional definitions of Political Science?
Answer:
Traditional definitions lay emphasis on the philosophical, historical and legal methods of study in Political Science.

Question 18.
Which study methods are given emphasis by modern definition of Political Science?
Answer:
Inter-disciplinary and experiential methods.

Question 19.
Name any four scholars who do not consider Political Science as a science.
Answer:

Buckle
Comte
Beard
Burke.

Question 20.
“When I see a good set of examination questions headed by the words ‘Political Science’ I regret not the questions but the title.” Whose is this statement?
Answer:
This statement is given by Maitland.

Question 21.
Give two arguments against Political Science being a science?
Answer:

Observation and experiements like science are not possible
Lack of universally acceptable concepts. .

Question 22.
Give two arguments in favour of Political Science being a science.
Answer:

Systematic and organised study
Relationship between cause – effect.

Question 23.
How has Garner defined science?
Answer:
According to Garner, “Science is the knowledge related to a subject, which is formally obtained through observation, experience and study, and whose facts are mutually related, ordered and classified.”

Question 24.
Which two features of Political Science make it an art?
Answer:

Possibility of executing the practical knowledge in practice,
Political Science being value-based.

Question 25.
Which principle is adopted in Political Science to make human life more comfortable?
Answer:
Principle of welfare state is adopted in Political Science to make human life more comfortable.

Question 26.
Write any two things included in scope of traditional Political Science.
Answer:

Study of political life of man.
Study of political philosophies.

Question 27.
Name any two political thinkers who support the modern view of Political Science.
Answer:

Catlin
Lasswell.

Question 28.
Mention any two things included in the subject matter of Political Science according to modern view?
Answer:

Study of political behaviour of man
Study of different concepts.

Question 29.
“All such activities that make an issue conflicting or find solutions to it, are political science.” Which political scientist made this statement ?
Answer:
This statement is by Myron and Benfield.

Question 30.
Write any one difference about subject matter of Political Science according to traditional view and modern view.
Answer:
Traditional view is a disciplinary concept, whereas modern view is a inter-disciplinary concept.

Question 31.
Write any two features of modern Political Science.
Answer:

Realistic study
Behaviourism.

Question 32.
Mention the most significant feature of behaviourism.
Answer:
The most significant feature of behaviourism is the ‘use of principles’.

Question 33.
In to how many parts is Political Science divided to study it thoroughly in modern times?
Answer:
In two parts :

Traditional Political Science
Modern Political Science.

Question 34.
What definition of Political Science is given by Lasswell and Kaplan?
Answer:
According to Lasswell and Kaplan, “Political Science is the study of shaping and sharing of power.”

Question 35.
Mention names of methods of study used by traditional political thinkers.
Answer:

Philosophical method
Historical method
Comparative method.

Question 36.
Mention methods of study used by modern political thinkers.
Answer:

Statistical method
Experiential method
System analysis method
Inter-disciplinary method.

Question 37.
Mention any one difference between traditional and modern Political Science.
Answer:
Traditional Political Science believes in values, whereas modern Political Science is value – free.

RBSE Solutions for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Anwer Types Questions

Question 1.
Define Political Science as the study of state.
Answer:
Scholars like Garner, Gettell, Bluntschli and Garris, etc. has defined Political Science as study of state.
For example:

According to Garner, “Political Science begins and ends with the state.”
According to Gettell, “Political Science is an historical investigation of what the state has been, analytical study of what the state is and politico – ethical discussion of what the state ought to be.”
According to Bluntschli, “Political Science is the science which is concerned with the state in its fundamental conditions, its essential nature, its various forms of manifestation and its development.”
According to Garris, “Political Science considers the state as an institution of power in the totality or its relation, its origins, its setting, its objects, its ethical significance, its economic problems, its life conditions, its financial sides, its ends, etc.”

Question 2.
Define Political Science as the study of government.
Answer:
Political thinkers Sir John Seeley, Leacock, Paul Janet, etc had defined Political Science as study of government.

According to John Seeley, “Political Science investigates the phenomenon of the government as economy deals with wealth, Biology with life, Algebra with numbers and Geometry with space and magnitude.”
According to Leacock, “Political Science deals with government.”
According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of social sciences which treats with the foundation of the state and principle of the governments.”

Question 3.
“Political Science is the study of both state and government” explain.
Answer:
Some political thinkers are of the view that Political Science is the study of both state and government. It becomes clear from the following definitions :

According to R.N. Gilchrist, “Political Science deals with the general problems of the state and organisation of the government.”
According to Demock, “Political Science is concerned with the state and its means and government.”
According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is that part of social science which deals with the foundation of the state and principles of the government.”

It becomes clear from the above definitions that government is necessary for the fulfilment of purposes of state. At the same time, it is impossible to think of a government without the state. So, both, state and government are studied in Political Science.

Question 4.
Analyse the concept of Political Science as the study of state, government and man.
Answer:
Most definitions of Political Science give importance to state and government, but ignoret man who is an important part of the state and the government. Political Science is incomplete without study of man. Different branches of social science study different aspects of human life, in which, Political Science studies the political aspect of human life. State and government decide control and organise political aspect of man’s life and man also affects the state and the government.

According to Laski, ” The study of politics concerns itself with the life of man in relation to organised states.”According to Gettell, “Political science studies human life as a political unit.”According to Herman Heller, “The universal form of political science is determined by the past fundamental beliefs related to man.”

Question 5.
Define Political Science as the study of human activities and behaviours?
Answer:
Modern behaviourist scholars consider Political Science as a science which performs the study of the political activities of man and its other aspects like social, economic and other sides. According to these scholars, Political Science performs the study of political behaviour of man. According to Caltin, “Political Science is study of organised human society and it deals primarly with political aspect of the life of community.”

Question 6.
Modern Political Science is the study of Power.How? Explain.
Answer:
Concept of power is as ancient in Political Science as is political thought, but modern political scholars consider power as basic element of Political Science. Catlin, Lasswell, Max Webber, Merrian, Russel, etc, scholars consider power as such a basic element that binds the Political Science in one string.

Catlin has considered Political Science as a science of power. According to Lasswell, “The concept of power is the most fundamental in the whole Political Science, while political process is study of distribution, use and effect of power.” In this way, concept of power is studied in Political science in the form of a basic and fundamental concept.

Question 7.
What is meant by Political system? Explain.
Answer:
According to Easton, “Politics is the authoritative allocation of values. ”Concept of political system is much wider than the concepts of state, government and constitution. Political system includes formal organisation of state and government as well as the informal elements that affect them. Modern thinkers like David Easton and Almond consider Political Science as study of political system.

State and governance give emphasis on the study of formal and legal aspect of political life, whereas, under political system, it is attempted to derive the knowledge about political truths while going into the roots of these formal legal studies.

Question 8.
Perform a comparative study of traditional and modem definitions of Political Science.
Answer:
Comparison between traditional and modern definitions of Political Science:

Traditional definitions of Political Science explain its meaning in narrow perspective, whereas modern definitions explain its meaning in broad and wide perspective.
Traditional definitions give emphasis on political organisation, whereas modern definitions give emphasis on political process.
Traditional definitions give emphasis on ethics and morals, whereas modern definitions give emphais on the study of facts.
Traditional definitions give importance to study methods like philosophical, historical and legal, whereas modern definitions give emphasis on inter-disciplinary and experiential methods.
Traditional definitions consider Political Science as a subject to study formal organisations like state and government, whereas modern definitions include study of both formal organisations as well as informal elements like power, influence political system and decision-making process.

Question 9.
Political Science is not a science. Why?
Answer:
Political Science is not a science. Buckle, Comte, Metland, Emos, Beard, Burke and Brojen, etc. political thinkers did not consider it a science.
Following arguments can be given in favour of the fact that Political Science is not a science:

Lack of universal concepts.
Differences regarding meaning, definition and study methods of Political Science.
Observation and experiments are not possible.
It is not possible to measure political activities.
Lack of fixed and continuous theories of Political Science.
Difference in nature of subject matter
Hard to establish cause-effect relationship.
Lack of absolute and fixed predictions.

Question 10.
Political Science is a science. Give arguments in favour of this statement.
Answer:
Political scholars like Bodin, Hobbes, Montesque, Brice, Laski, Fines, Bluntschli, etc. consider Political Science as a science. Famous thinker Aristotle has called it the supreme science. The main argument of the scholars who considier Political Science as a science is that Political Science is basically a social science and it has all the features of being a science. It is wrong to compare it with natural sciences. Following arguments can be given in favour of Political Science being a science:

Observation and experiments are possible.
Scientific methods are used.
Presence of universally acceptable concepts.
Systematic and organised study.
Possible to establish cause-effect relationship.
Predictions are possible.

Question 11.
Political Science is an art. Explain.
Answer:
Political Science is not only a science, but also an art by its nature. Ancient thinkers like Brihaspati, Manu, Shukra, Kautilya and Plato, etc. had accepted Political Science as an art of government. Any subject needs two features for being an art:

It is possible to put the theoretical knowledge of that subject into practice.
That subject is value oriented to make life more comfortable. Political Science has both ‘ these features. So, it is

both science as well as art. Political Science uses its theoretical knowledge as an art of governance and execute its policies through administrative organisations.

The main purpose of making human life more comfortable always lies behind these efforts. Besides this, it studies the political life of past, present and future. It make a lot of pratical efforts for the implementation of these values and ethics. So, this practical aspect of Political Science can be termed as an art. Thus, Political Science is an art.

Question 12.
Which topics should be included in the scope of Political science as per UNESCO ?
OR
Explain the scope of Political Science from the point of view of UNESCO. Which topics were included in the scope of Political Science during the Paris Conference of UNESCO ?
OR
Which type of subject matter can be included is the scope of traditional Political Science according to UNESCO ?
Answer:
According to the Paris Conference of UNESCO in 1948, the following topics can be included in the scope of Political Science:
1. Political theories:
Study of history of political thoughts and political theories.

2. Political organisations:
Comparative study of constitutions, National governments, Local government, state governments, public administration, social and economic works of the governments and political institutions.

3. Political parties, pressure groups and public opinion:
Study of political behavour of political parties, pressure groups, etc. and public opinion and process of involvement of general public in government.

4. international relations:
Study of international politics, international relation and administration. These topics were accepted by the scholars all over the word as a part of the scope of Political Science which were put forward in the Paris Conference of UNESCO in 1948.

Question 13.
Which topics are included in the subject matter of traditional Political Science ?
OR
Explain the scope of traditional Political Science.
OR
Explain the traditional view of scope of Political Science.
Answer:
Following topics are included in the subject matter and scope of Political Science:

Study of political life of man.
Study of state.
Study of government.
Study of local, national and international problems.
Study of political philosophies and ideologies.
Study of political parties and pressure groups.
Study of international relationships.
Study of public administration.
Study of diplomacy.
Study of international organisations.
Study of international laws.

Question 14.
Explain the modern view of scope of Political Science.
OR
Explain the subject matter included in the scope of Political Science according to modem view.
Answer:
A more practical and expanded view of Political Science emerged in the field of Political Science after Second World War which was known as the modern view of Political Science. Main supporters of modern view of Political Science are Catlin, Lasswell, Robert A. Dahl and Fromen, etc. Following topics are included in the modern view of scope of Political Science:

Study of political behaviour of man.
Study of various concepts.
Study of struggle and consent in view of public problems.
Inter-disciplinary study.
Study of political processes.
Study of power.
Use of scientific methods.

Question 15.
Explain any two differences in the scope of subject matter of Political Science under traditional and modern view.
Answer:
Following are the main two differences in the subject matter of Political Science according to traditional and modern view:
1. Difference of period:
Traditional view of Political Science was generally acceptable before Second World War. Modern view developed after Second World War which is accepted at present.

2. Difference in study methods:
Traditional view of Political Science uses historical, philosophical and comparative mehtods to study Political Science. Modern view uses scientific, comparative, practical, statistical, mathematical research and inter disciplinary study methods also.

Question 16.
Mention any two features of modern view of Political Science. Write any two features of modern Political Science.
OR
Write any two study methods of modern Political Science.
OR
Explain any two properties of Political Science that have developed after the Second World War.
Answer:
1. Emphasis on scientific methods:
The main feature of modern view of Political Science is the use of scientific methods. Modern view uses study techniques developed by natural sciences and other social sciences. Comparative, research, experimental, psychological, behavioural and experiential methods are some of these.

2. Inter – disciplinary view:
Modern view of Political Science give emphasis on inter – disciplinary aspect. Various disciplines of society are inter-related and affect each other. No political behaviour can be understood by alienating it from economic, social, psychological and cultural concepts of different social sciences. Thus, the realistic study of special behaviour of man is done using the inter – disciplinary view.

Question 17.
Mention any two differences in traditional Political Science and modern Political Science.
Answer:
Two main differences in traditional and modern Political Science are as under:
1. Difference in definition:
Traditional political thinkers consider Political Science as a subject to study state and government, whereas the subject matter of modern Political Science is not only limited to state and government, but it also includes political behaviour of man. Study of power, influence and decision – making process is also included in modern Political Science.

2. Difference in values:
Traditional political thinkers believe in values. They believe in ethics and morality and they are supporters of the philosophical view. On the contrary, modern political thinkers are supporters of study that is free of values. They believe that political thinkers should keep themselves aloof from morality, values, ethics and prejudices, and instead, encourage scientific study and research.

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