RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Major Tribes of the World

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Major Tribes of the World

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Major Tribes of the World

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Text Book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which tribe resides in Tundra region?
(a) Bhil
(b) Bushman
(c) Eskimos
(d) Gond
Answer:
(c) Eskimos

Question 2.
Which tribes resides in inaccessible mountainous and plateau region?
(a) Bhil
(b) Bushman
(c) Pugmy
(d) baddu
Answer:
(a) Bhil

Question 3.
What is Kayak?
(a) Fish
(b) Boat of Eskimos
(c) House of Bushman
(d) Weapons of Bhils
Answer:
(b) Boat of Eskimos

Question 4.
What is the meaning of Eskimo?
(a) One who lives in forest
(b) One who eats raw meat
(c) One who remains naked
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) One who eats raw meat

Question 5.
Which tribe uses ostrich egg-shells to make utensils and ornaments?
(a) Eskimos
(b) Bushman
(c) Pygmy
(d) Bhil
Answer:
(b) Bushman

Question 6.
Bushman tribe is related to which races?
(a) Negrito
(b) Mongoloids
(c) Kakeshas
(d) Austalides
Answer:
(a) Negrito

Question 7.
‘Gol Gadhedo’ system is related to which tribe?
(a) Gond
(b) Bhil
(c) Saimang
(d) Sakai
Answer:
(b) Bhil

Question 8.
Kodu and Kutki is the staple food of which tribe?
(a) Gond
(b) Bhil
(c) Pygmy
(d) Bushman
Answer:
(a) Gond

Question 9.
Which place is not ruled by Gonds?
(a) Deogarh
(b) Mandla
(c) Chanda
(d) Rajgarh
Answer:
(d) Rajgarh

Question 10.
Dippa and Painda agriculture is related to which tribe?
(a) Bhil
(b) Santhal
(c) Gond
(d) Bushman
Answer:
(c) Gond

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 11.
What is sledge?
Answer:
A cart without wheel that moves on ice and which is drawn by dogs or caribou and is used by Eskimos is called sledge.

Question 12.
Name the language spoken by Eskimos?
Answer:
Aleut is the language used by eskimos.

Question 13.
Where is Bechuanaland situated?
Answer:
Bechuanaland is situated between 18° south latitude to 24° south latitude in the African Continent.

Question 14.
What is Cros?
Answer:
A cloth worn by bushman women which is also known as chonga.

Question 15.
Sabari is related to which tribe?
Answer:
Bhil Tribe.

Question 16.
What is another name of jhooming farming done by Bhils in mountainous regions?
Answer:
Chimata.

Question 17.
The priest in Gond tribe is known by what name?
Answer:
Debari.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 18.
Which are the habitat areas of the Eskimos?
Answer:
Eskimos are limited to the Arctic and Tundra region from the very beginning. In this region, their extension is from Alaska to Bering Strait. They live in Alaska, Canada, Greenland and in the region of north Siberia. Some group of this tribe also live in Aleutian Islands and Scandinavia.

Question 19.
Mention the social – cultural characteristics of Bushman.
Answer:
Bushman are a small part in a society. Animals and nature are of great importance in religious practices, traditions and art of bushman. As they are superstitious, they believe in magical power and ghosts also. They believe in two gods.

One who lives in the east and the other who lives in the west. Wizard saves them from ghosts and bad spirits and diseases. Painting carved on stones by them are famous all over the world. At present, the jewels made by the shells of eggs, bows and arrow, skirt are their main items of crafts.

Question 20.
Describe the houses of Bhils.
Answer:
Houses of Bhils are of various types. Huts are built on mounds between small pieces of fields. Every hut is complete in itself, in which arrangement of storing food grains and keeping animals is also there along with residence. Walls of the houses are made of mud and stones and bamboo and the roof is made of rag.

The wall in front of the huts is decorated by smearing and coating cow dung, chalk and red stone. At present, the trend of making pucca houses has also begun. Now, some Bhils have started living in densely populated colonies also. Group of small villages is called Fala and a large village is called Pal.

Question 21.
Write a short note on economic activities of Gond tribe.
Answer:
Gonds are self-dependent. Their main economic activity is Jhooming agriculture and hunting. They also do the work of collection of forest produce, cattle-breeding and catching fish. Dippa agriculture is a type of Jhooming farming in which land is left after three years farming. In such type of agriculture, the field is prepared by burning and slashing the trees and shrubs and by clearing the land.

The field is tilled and seeds are sprinkled. Painda type of cultivation is practiced in Bastar in Madhya Pradesh in terraced fields on steep mountainous slopes. Kukhru, Devat and Dheevar classes perform the work of catching fish. Ravat class mainly performs animal husbandry They also hunt animals.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Essay Type Questions

Question 22.
Write a geographical note on Eskimo tribe.
Answer:

1. Meaning of Eskimo:
The literal meaning of Eskimo is meat eater and inhabitant of snowy region.

2. Physical Structure:
Eskimos tribe is related to Mangol race. The face of Eskimos is wide and flat. Colour of skin is yellowish – brown, hair clumsy and black, height-medium, nose-flat, eyes deep, chocolate colour and slanting. Their body is strong and muscular.

3. Behaviour:
There behaviour is simple. They maintain their stability, seriousness and intelligence.

4. Habitat areas:
Eskimos are limited to the Arctic and Tundra regions from the very beginning. In this region, their extension is from Alaska to Bering Strait. They live in Alaska, Canada and Greenland and in the region of North Siberia. These are the inhabitants of unfavourable climatic regions.

Social Condition:
1. Regional Name:
Eskimos are known by different names in different areas. In Canada and Greenland, they are known as Eskimo, in Scandinavia as Laps, and in North Siberia as Samoyeds, Yakut, Chakchi and Tung.

2. Food system:
Eskimos are the eaters of raw meat. They eat fishes, whales, polar bear, sea-lion, hare, wolf and walrus.

3. Clothes:
Eskimos wear clothes made from caribov skin. Samoor of the polar bear is also used to make clothes. Women and men wear similar kind of clothes. Clothes are made by’women. They wear Timiyak – a jersey – type cloth with arms and the Timiyak is called Anohak and their shoes are called Karmik or Muklooks.

4. Residence or House:
Their domed house is known as Igloo and it is made of snow. Houses built from bones are known as Karmak.

5. Social and Cultural Structure:
These people live in small groups. They lead a vagabond life. Their society is patriarchal and they give priority to polygyny. They speak Aleut language and are superstitious.

Economic Activities:
1. Hunting:
Hunting is the main livelihood of Eskinos. They hunt animals in different ways in winter and summer. They hunt seal mainly. Maypak and Iturpak are the methods of hunting during winter. During the summer season, they use bows and arrows to hunt hare, wolf, duck, birds, etc.

2. Tools and Equipments:
Eskimos use various types of tools and equipments. Spear used by them is called Harpoon, boat made of leather is called Kayak/Qayaq, bigger boat is called Umiyak and the cart without wheels which is used for hunting is called Sledge.

Present time condition of Eskimos:
After 1960, this tribe outer people. Now they use gun for hunting. They use moter based boat in place of Kayak/Qayaq and snow scooter in place of sledge. Their life-style has transformed due to facilities provided by American government.

Question 23.
Describe the habitat regions, economy and social customs of Bhil tribe.
Answer:
1. Habital regions:
Bhils live in inaccessible and uninhabited mountainous regions. They live in Aravalli, Vindhyachal and Satpura mountains and in forest regions. Bhils are found in four states of India – Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Bhils are found mostly in Banswara, Dungarpur, Udaipur and Chittorgarh in Rajasthan, Dhar, Jhabua and Ratlam in Madhya Pradesh, Panchmahal and Vadodara in Gujarat, Aurangabad, Ahmednagar, Jalgaon, Nashik and Dhule districts in Maharashtra.

2. Economy:
Bhils reside in lonely place of forest and mountainous region. The main base of their livelihood is food collection from forest, hunting, shifting agriculture arid rearing livestock. Women collect and store ediable roots, flowers, fruits from the forest. They hunt wild animals and birds. They produce food grains, vegetables and fodder. They perform the work of cattle breeding also.

(a) Hunting:
They hunt animals in the forest using arrow and bows. Men catch fish from ponds. Earlier, they were excellent hunters, but now they perform farming also. Almost 80% of the Bhils perform farming now. Jhooming cultivation in mountainous regions is called Chimata and cultivation done in plain regions is called Dajia.

(b) Food:
They eat maize for the entire year. At the time of festivals, they prepare chokha (rice) and lapsi. They made ‘Rabari’ by boiling butter milk and flour. Wheat, urad, moong and vegetable are also included now in their foods. According to tradition, they are vegetarian.

(c) Clothes:
Bhils used to wear very less clothes before independence. Men used to wear boxers made of husk and women wore peticoats. Now – a – days, men have started wearing shirt, dhoti, turban or pant – shirt. Women wear ghaghara, kanchali and loongari. Boys wear laincloth and girls wear ghaghari and odhani. The Bhils wear ornaments made of silver, bronze, zinc and nickel. Bhil women embellish themselves with lakh and glass bangles.

(d) Residence:
The houses of Bhils are found to be scattered. Their houses are called Koo. They usually live in huts. Their houses are made of grass and weed and rag. Group of their small villages is called Fala and a large village is called Pal.

(e) Tools and Utensils:
Bow – arrow, sword and dagger are their major weapons. Arrows are of two types – one is called Hariyo and the other is called Robado. A type of snare called Phatakiya is used to catch birds. Richer Bhils have started using guns also. It is mandatory for the Bhils to use utensils made of clay, treadmill to grind maize and cradle are made of bamboo.

3. Sociaty and Culture:
Bhils remain organised in various patriarchal groups and clans. People of every clan live in separate villages. Every clan has its respective clan symbol. Whether he is an old or a young person, every Bhil has a wife even if it is a normal marriage or she has been ravished and brought. Polygyny is also prominent in their society.

Normally, the proposal of marriage comes from the groom’s side. In this tradition, a price is paid for the bride, called Dapa system, which has to be paid by the father of the bridegroom. Through the system of ‘Gol – Gadhedon’, any young man gets the right to choose his bride by showing his valour and courage.

They are worshippers of nature. They also worship agricultural implements and equipments also, as most of the Bhils are farmers. Many gods and goddesses are worshipped by them. Some people worship Nag-devata. They are superstitious and believe in ghosts. They perform cremation of the dead.

Map Based Questions

Question 24.
Show the habitat region of Eskimos and Bushman on the map of world.
Answer:

Question 25.
Show the habitat regions of Bhils and Gonds on the map of India.
Answer:

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Additional Questions with Answers

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which tribe resides in the temperate zone grassland regions?
(a) Khirgiz
(b) Eskimo
(c) Pygmy
(d) Naga
Answer:
(a) Khirgiz

Question 2.
Eskimos living in Scandinavia are known as:
(a) Yakoot
(b) Tung
(c) Chakchi
(d) Laps
Answer:
(d) Laps

Question 3.
The method of hunting using two holes by the Eskimos is called:
(a) Harpoon
(b) Maupak
(c) Hurpak
(d) Umiyak
Answer:
(c) Hurpak

Question 4.
Summertime hunting practiced by the Eskimos is called :
(a) Kayak
(b) Utok
(c) Timiyak
(d) Igloo
Answer:
(b) Utok

Question 5 .
Bushman are the main inhabitants of which continent?
(a) Asia
(b) Europe
(c) Africa
(d) Australia
Answer:
(c) Africa

Question 6.
The word ‘Bhil’ is regarded to originate from which language?
(a) Hindi
(b) Santhali
(c) Malayalam
(d) Dravidian
Answer:
(d) Dravidian

Question 7.
Big village of Bhils is known as:
(a) Koo
(b) Phalan
(c) Pal
(d) Basti
Answer:
(c) Pal

Question 8.
The head of the Pal among the Bhils is known as:
(a) Patel
(b) Gameti
(c) Bolava
(d) Bhanjgadiya
Answer:
(b) Gameti

Question 9.
Which is the world’s biggest tribes groups:
(a) Bhil
(b) Eskimo
(c) Gond
(d) Naga.
Answer:
(c) Gond

Question 10.
Where is Painda cultivation practiced?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Gujarat
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Odisha
Answer:
(c) Madhya Pradesh

Match Based Questions

Question 1.
Match the options given in column (A) with correct options given in column (B) :

Column (A) Tribes	Column (B) (habitat area)
(i) Samoyeds	(a) Kalahari Desert
(ii) Semang	(b) Nagaland
(iii) Bushman	(c) Grassland of Temperate zone
(iv) Masai	(d) Central India
(v) Khirgiz	(e) Malaysia
(vi) Bhil	(f) Kenya
(vii) Naga	(g) Northern Siberia

Answer:
(i) g, (ii) e, (iii) a, (iv) f, (v) c, (vi) d, (vii) b.

Question 2.

Column (A) (Name of the Place)	Column (B) (Related Area)
(i) Dagariya	(a) Udaipur
(ii) Basia	(b) Dungarpur
(iii) Kotia	(c) Banswara
(iv) Deowa	(d) Kota

Answer:
(i) b, (ii) c, (iii) d, (iv) a.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Tribes?
Answer:
Tribes are not only a representative of biotic groups, they also represent soical and cultural groups. A tribe is a group of such persons who are deeply related to one another by social traditions and cultural rituals.

Question 2.
Where do tribes mainly live?
Answer:
Tribes mainly live in polar areas, dense forests, hot and dry deserts, grassland areas and regions of heavy rainfall.

Question 3.
What is the basis of economy of tribes?
Answer:
Basis of economy of tribes includes : food collection, hunting and gathering, livestock , and primitive type of agriculture.

Question 4.
What is the main basis of livelihood of Eskimo tribe?
Answer:
The basis of livelihood of Eskimo tribe includes food accumulation, hunting, and catching fish.

Question 5.
Which tribe is related to Mongol race?
Answer:
Eskimos are related to Mongol race.

Question 6.
What is the nature of Eskimos?
Answer:
Eskimo tribal people are mentally very strong. Even in the condition of extreme crisis, they retain their stability, depth and intelligence. They are simple and cheerful by nature.

Question 7.
On regional basis, by which names are Eskimos known?
Answer:
Eskimos are known by various names on regional basis – for instance – residents of Tundra region are called Inuit, Eskimo groups living in Siberia are called Yupik, Tung, Chakchi, Yukaghir and Yakut, Eskimos living in Scandinavia are called Laps and they are known by the name of Sami in the nearby regions of Scandinavia.

Question 8.
Which animals are mainly hunted by Eskimos?
Answer:
Eskimos mainly hunt polar bear, laming, hare, musk deer, wolf, jackal, caribou, dog, seal, whale, walrus and sea lion.

Question 9.
What is meant by harpoon?
Answer:
Harpoon is a spear used by Eskimo.

Question 10.
What is meant by maupak?
Answer:
Maupak is a mathod of hunting. Its literal meaning is waiting.

Question 11.
What is meant by Iturpak?
Answer:
Iturpak is a method of hunting during winter season. This type of hunting is done by Eskimos.

Question 12.
What is meant by Kayak?
Answer:
Kayak is a boat used by Eskimos during autumn season. It is 5 m in length and 1.45 m in width.

Question 13.
What are Timiyak and Anohak?
Answer:
The jersey-type cloth with arms worn by Eskimos is called Timiyak and the cloth worn above the Timiyak is called Anohak.

Question 14.
What is meant by Karmik or Mukhooks?
Answer:
Shoes worn by Eskimos which are made of seal skin are called Karmik or Muklooks.

Question 15.
What is meant by igloo?
Answer:
The dome – shaped house built from snow by the Eskimo tribe during the winter season is called Igloo.

Question 16.
What is meant by Karmak?
Answer:
The house made of wood and structure of whale bones elevated 2-3 feet, below 5-6 feet under the ground by the Eskimo tribe is called Karmak.

Question 17.
What is Umiyak?
Answer:
Umiyak is a big boat used by Eskimo tribes during hunting whate.

Question 18.
Tribes of Kalahari Desert are known by which name?
Answer:
They are known as Bushman, Saun, Ratvi and Basarwa.

Question 19.
Describe the physical structure of Bushman.
Answer:
Bushman are people with short height. Their jaws and broad lips are not projected outwards. Their buttocks are broad and their eyes are not wide.

Question 20.
Where do Bushman tribal people reside?
Answer:
Bushman tribe resides in Kalahari Desert situated in Bechuanaland located bewteen 18° southern latitude and 24° southern latitude in the African continent.

Question 21.
What is the favourite food of Bushman?
Answer:
Termite, ants and eggs are.the favourite food of Bushman.

Question 22.
What are the main weapons of the Bushman tribe?
Answer:
Bows and arrow, pointed rod, spear, burcha and agnidand are the main weapons of the Bushman Tribe.

Question 23.
What is the origin and literal meaning of Bhils?
Answer:
The literal meaning of Bhils are persons who are perfect in archery. It has originated from the Dravidian word Beelu.

Question 24.
What is Dajiya and Chimata?
Answer:
Cultivation done by Bhil tribe in plain regions is known as Dajia and Jhooming cultivation done by them in mountainous regions is known as Chimata.

Question 25.
What is difference betwene Fala and Pal.
Answer:
Groups of small villages of Bhil tribe ate known as Fala and groups of big villages are known as Pal.

Question 26.
What is Phatakiya?
Answer:
Bhil tribe used a snare to catch birds. This snare is called ‘Phatkiya’.

Question 27.
What is meant by Dapa practice?
Answer:
In Bhil tribe, the bride’s side has to pay the price of the daughter to the groom’s side during marriage. This practice of paying a price for the daughter is called Dapa practice.

Question 28.
What is ‘Gol – Gadhedon’ practice?
Answer:
In Bhil tribe, when a young man obtains the right to choose a girl for marriage while showing his strength and courage, this process is known as ‘Gol – Gadhedon’ practice.

Question 29.
Which is the major fair of the Bhils?
Answer:
Beneshwardham fair is the major fair of the Bhils. It is organised at the triveni confluence of rivers Som, Jhakham and Mahi in Rajasthan.

Question 30.
Which is the ‘Ranghosh’ of Bhils?
Answer:
Faire – Faire is the ‘Ranghosh’ of Bhils.

Question 31.
What is the difference between Gameti and Bolawa?
Answer:
In bhil tribe, head of Pal is called as Gameti and their instructor/guide is called as Bolawa.

Question 32.
How has the word ‘Gond’ originated?
Answer:
The word ‘Gond’ has originated from ‘Khonda’, which means hilly. Therefore, people living on hills are usually called Gond.

Question 33.
How does Gonds call themselves?
Answer:
Gonds call themselves as Koitur or Kol also.

Question 34.
Where does gond tribe live?
Answer:
Gond tribe lives in Satpura, Maikal hills area, Son – Deogarh high land area, Bastar plateau and Garhjat hills.

Question 35.
What is shifting agriculture?
Or
What is meant by jhooming cultivation?
Answer:
Shifting agriculture is a primitive type of agriculture in which land is prepared for farming by cutting and burning the plants. After performing cultivation for 2-3 years on this cleared land, it is left idle and layered as fallow land.

Question 36.
What does Gond tribe do to maintain the moisture of soil?
Answer:
In Gond tribe, in order to retain the moisture of soil, wooden blocks are placed in lower parts so that erosion of soil doesn’t take place and moisture is retained.

Question 37.
What is Patel or Mukhadam?
Answer:
Head of villages in Gond tribe is known as Patel or Mukhadam.

Question 38.
What is meant by Kotwar and Devari?
Answer:
The watchman of Gond tribal village is called Kotwar and the village priest is called Devari.

Question 39.
Which language is spoken by Gonds?
Answer:
Gond tribe mainly speaks Gondi, Tamil, Kannad, Hindi Marathi, Tergu etc. languages.

Question 40.
What is meant by Saga?
Answer:
According to the belief of Gond tribe, when Pahendi Kapar lingam, the leader of the Gonds, had made them free, these Gond people had come out from the caves in four groups, Right from that time, these four major groups of the Gonds are called Saga is Gondi language.

Question 41.
What is meant by Kabadi practice?
Answer:
Under this practice of Gond tribe, many future generations of the debtor had to work like slaves under the creditor to repay even a petty loan.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

Question 1.
Describe the tribes according to their habitat areas?
Or
Write the names of tribes found in various parts of the world.
Answer:
Major tribes of the world and their habitat areas are as follow:

1. Inhabitants of polar and cold regions – Eskimos, Samoyeds.
2. Inhabitants of equatorial regions – Pygmy, Saimang, Sakai.
3. Inhabitants of hot and dry Kalahariun desert – Bushman.
4. Inhabitants of tropical grassland area – Masai and Badoo.
5. Inhabitants of Temperate grassland areas – Khirgiz.
6. Inhabitants of hilly and plateau area – Bhil, Gond, Meena, Naga and other tribes.

Question 2.
Describe the physical structure of Eskimo tribal people.
Answer:
Eskimo tribe is related to Mongol race. The face of Eskimos is wide and flat. Colour of skin is yellowish – brown, hair – clumsy and black, height – medium, nose – flat, eyes – deep, chlocolate -colour, red and slanting. Their jaws are heavy. Mouth is wide and teeth are white and strong. They are mentally strong.

Question 3.
Describe the climatic conditions of Eskimo’s habitat areas.
Answer:
Eskimo tribe lives in very tough climatic conditions. The nature of rigid climatic conditions of their habitat areas is described in the following points:

1. In the Eskinos’ habitat areas, winter season is much longer while summer season is too short.
2. In their habitat area, rainfall takes place in the form of snow.
3. Due to tough climatic conditions there is lack of vegetation.
4. In their habitat area temperature remains less than 0° for the entire year.
5. Low temperature, Icy storms and less light are found here.

Question 4.
Describe the importance of seal in Eskimo’s life?
Answer:
Importance of seal in Eskimo’s life is described by the following points:

1. Seal provides food to Eskimos.
2. Seal is used as an energy source for fuel.
3. Eskimos make their clothes from seal’s skin.
4. The fat of seal provides heat in large amount. Due to this, it is extremely useful in minimum temperature.
5. Structure for making sledge is built by the bones of seal.
6. Chord is obtained in the form of thread by their skin.

Question 5.
Explain the process of environmental adjustment of Eskimo people.
Or
How have Eskimos become used to hard circumstanes? Explain.
Answer:
The process of environmental adjustment adopted by Eskimo people is a unique example in itself. The coordination established by them even in these rigid circumstances is quite unique. Building houses of snow in absence of vegetation and building material is the symbol of the work ability of the Eskimos.

Making sledge from the bones of walrus and seal, running them without wheels through reindeer, exhibits their process of environmental adjustment. Using an eye shield to prevent the eyes from the impact of light formed due to the sunrays falling on snow storms and snow exhibits their environmental eminence.

Question 6.
Describe the habitat of Bushman people?
Answer:
The habitat of Bushman is situated in African continent between 18° south latitude to 24° south latitude in Bechuanaland. This region is very rich in animal diversity. At present, this tribe is found scattered in Kalahari Desert and in south – western grassland part of Africa. They live in countries like South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Angola.

Question 7.
Describe the tools and utensils of Bushman tribe.
Answer:
Bushman tribal people use tools such as bow and arrow, pointed stick, spear, lance, agnidand, etc. They use poisonous arrows for hunting. They file the bones of legs of ostrich and giraffe and make them pointed and fix them on the front part of the arrow. They form ropes from the bark of trees. This tribe uses ostrich eggs to store water and to make oranments. Bags are made of deer skin and cups are made of wood.

Question 8.
What was the impact on Bushman as they came in contact with modern culture?
Answer:
At present, effect of outer culture can be seen on the lifestyle of Bushman tribal people. They are now exchanging goods also with the local traders. Significant change has also come in their dressing style. Due to the invasions made by Bantum, Hotentaut and European people, number of Bushman people is on a continuous decline and their regions of habitat are contracting.

Question 9.
Describe the traditions of Bhil tribe.
Answer:
Various social traditions are prominent among Bhil tribal people. These people worship nature. They also worship those tools and equipments which they use in agriculture. They worship various gods and goddesses. They worship Naga Devata. As they are superstitious, they believe in ghosts. They perform cremation of dead people. They celebrate the festivals of Holi and Deepawali. Ghoomar and Gair are their major dance forms. Beneshwar Dham fair is their major fair. They worship Lord Shankar. They also perform a dance around fire (fire dance).

Question 10.
How is the life of the Bhils and their conditions of livelihood changing?
Answer:
Due to modernisation, continuous change is taking place in the life of Bhil tribal people. As they are coming in contact with urban culture, they have now become clever and wise. Now, they are moving towards market based economy. The youth has shunned activities such as sport and hunting and is now found to be engaged in labour. Due to the influence of outer culture, their style of dressing up, speaking and living life are also changing rapidly. Male are running rickshaws in cities. Government schemes are providing assistance in making changes in their life.

Question 11.
Describe the efforts made by the government for the upliftment of the Bhils.
Answer:
Many programmes are being run for the social and economic development of Bhils found in India. The government is providing facilities of schools, hospitals, transport, communication, banking, etc. for regional development. The government is also promoting cottage industries and agriculture based industries. At present, along with the increasing contact with the modern culture, significant changes are taking place in their life. The government is running various schemes to fulfill their requirements of housing, education and food.

Question 12.
Describe the aspect of dress and ornaments of Gond tribe.
Answer:
Gond tribal people normally wear cotton clothes. The men wear Dhoti and the women wear Sari and Choli. Both men and women wear ornaments made of silver and aluminium. Women wear coloured bangles made of glass and wear necklace made of black beads and cowrie in their neck. The women carve tattoos on their body. The girls place upto half-a-dozen combs made of white bamboo in the crown of their hair.

Question 13.
Describe the housing structure of the Gonds.
Answer:
Gond tribal people live in Nangale, i.e., Palli, and small villages. They perform ‘Shagun’ of the place where they wish to build their house and celebrate at that place. Duck or cock is sacrificed at that place. They use grassweed and mud to make their houses. Their houses have several parts. Living room, kitchen, verandah and temple is necessarily constructed in them. While entering for the first time in the house, they perform celebrations collectively.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

Question 1.
Describe hunting by Eskimos during winter season and its methods.
Answer:
Winter – time Hunting by Eskimos:
In this season, Eskimos hunt seal in coastal areas. In this season, two methods of hunting are used by Eskimos – Mavpak and Iturpak. When fish come for breathing in holes made in ice, then the rod placed by the Eskimos starts shaking. Eskimos hunt seal by using harpoon. This types of hunting method is called Maupak. Its literal meaning is ‘waiting’.

The second method of hunting is Iturpak in which, two holes are made by the hunters. In a hole, a person invites the seal by putting food and from other hole as seal comes to eat the food, then another person, as soon as he gets the indication, hunts the seal by harpoon. Seal not only provides food, but it also provides fuel for cooking. The fat of seal burns quickly and lasts longer as compared to the fat of other animals.

Question 2.
Describe the hunting, method of the Eskimos during the spring season.
Answer:
This type of hunting is called Utok. In this season, seal come out for breathing in the sun. Eskimos hunt the seal with the help of hunting dogs. In this season, Kayak is used ag a transport for hunting, which is a boat made of leather. In summer season, Eskimos hunt caribou using arrow and bows. Hare, ducks and sparrows are hunted using light spears. Reindeer is an indicator of wealth and social level. Seal has signifiant importance in the lives of Eskimo people.

Question 3.
How have Eskimos changed after coming in contact with the Europeans and the Americans?
Or
What has been the impact of modern culture on the Eskimos?
Answer:
After 1960, the contact of Eskimo tribe, which used to live in isolated Polar regions, has increased with the Europeans and the Americans. Now, they have started using firearms, guns, etc. In place of Kayak, a motor-driven boat, and in place of sledge, usage of snow scooter has increased. The traditional environment is also undergoing a rapid change. By obtaining cash in exchange of the trade of fur, samoor, etc., their method of dressing up and living have also changed.

Due to increased healthcare facilities provided by the American government and due to simplification in earning livelihood, the population of Eskimo people is on a continuous rise in Canada and Alaska. Their populative increase will have a negative impact on the environment of the Tundra Coastal Region.

Question 4.
Describe the society and culture of Bushman.
Answer:
In the form of a social community, Bushman people is a small group. Their society is based upon blood or marital relations. Living beings and nature are at the central place in the religious traditions, rituals and arts of this tribe. As they are superstitious, they believe in magic and ghosts. They regard two gods. According to them, one god lives in the east, while the other god lives in the west.

In their society, the wizard saves them from diseases and spirits. They also form sculptures on rocks. The sculpting on rocks done by them is world famous. At present, they also make ornaments by using egg – shells. They make several handicraft items, such as bow and arrow, skirt, etc.

Question 5.
Describe the economic activities performed by Gond tribe.
Answer:
Agriculture and hunting are the major economic activities of Gond tribal people. Some Gond people also perform the task of collecting forest produce, animal husbandry and catching fish. These people perform Dippa cultivation. This is a type of shifting cultivation, in which trees and bushes are burnt to dear the ground for farming. Under this, axe and plogh are used to scratch the land and then the seeds are scattered.

After the sowing of seeds, animal sacrifice is given to the Devi Mata and other gods of the forest. In order to retain moisture in soil, these people place wooden sleepers in lower parts, by which soil erosion does not take place and moisture is also retained. Vrious subclasses of these people, such as – Kurukh, Kevat and Dhivar communities also perform fish farming. A section named Rawat performs the task of animal husbandry. These people avail food by hunting.

Question 6.
How is the structure of Gond tribe changing?
Or
How is the condition and exposure of Gond tribe changing after coming in contact with modern culture?
Answer:
Due to industrial development in the residential areas of Gond people, tendency of performing labour has increased during the past 30 years. People in large number have started to work as labourers in mines and manufacturing industries. New and permanent colnies of these people have been settled near the mining and manufacturing centres. Hospitals, schools, markets, banks and panchayats have been established in these colonies.

Due to road and rail network, their contact with the towns has increased. Their lifestyle is rapidly changing, the hold of old customs and traditions is weakening. The government has imposed a complete ban on Kabadi practice, a symbol of slavery. Under this practice, many generations of the debtor were forced to work as slaves under the creditor in order to repay even a petty loan.

RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 2 Essay Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a geographical note on Bushman tribe.
Or
Describe habitat areas and economic and social conditions of Bushman tribe.
Answer:
Bushman are the inhabitants of Kalahari Desert. These are also known as Saun, Rawi and Basarawa. Bushman are related to Negrito race. Various conditions related with this tribes are as follows :

1. Residance area:
Bushman live in Bechuanaland between 18° Southern latitude to 24° Southern latitude in the African continent. Presently, Bushman lives in Kalahari Desert and south-western grassland area of Africa. South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Angola etc. are their inhabitant areas.

2. Economic Condition :
(a) Hunting:
Main activity of Bushman tribe is hunting. They hunt using arrows and bows. They use many types of practices to catch big animals. They kill the animal by thrusting it in mud, entrapping them in snares, by making them fall into pits or by poisoning their drinking water. Every family gets its food itself.

(b) Weapons:
Bows and arrows, pointed rod, spear, burcha and agnidand are their main weapons. They use poisonous arrows. They make the bones of ostrich and giraffe sharp and pointed and put it on the tip of the arrow to make them a very sharp weapon.


3. Social Condition :
(a) Food:
Bushman are omnivorous. A bushman can eat more than half a sheep at a time. Meal, fish, roots of plants, jumple tree and honey are favourite food items of bushmans. Termite, ants and their eggs are also favourite to them. The take stale food easily.

(b) Clothes:
They wear on a few clothes, males wear a tri-angular lioncloth. Women use apron, chonga is the main attire of women. It is also called cross in local language. It is both a dress and bedroll.

(c) Houses:
They live in rocky caves. They build huts with the help of grass, tree branches, and skin of animals. These villages called verf are a small group of 8 – 10 huts.

4. Environmental Adjustment:
A powerful desire of stying alive is prominent among them. They enjoy the uninterrupted freedom of living the life of vagabonds as they have fewer assets, less children and their division of assets. At the time of famine, Bushman women stop conceiving pregnancy. At the time of hunting, they ensure that no harm is caused to the females and adolescents of the animal species. They use minimum fuel to burn fire.

Question 2.
Write a geographical note on Gond tribes.
Or
Describe the habitat areas, social condition and culture of Gond tribe.
Answer:
1. Habitat areas:
Gond is the biggest tribal group of the world. This tribe lives in Indian peninsula. Satpura hills, Maikal range, Son – Deogarh high land, plateau of Bastar, and Garhjat hills are their main habitat areas.

2. Social condition:
(a) Food system:
Kodu and Kuttuki are the local food grain types mainly consumed by Gond tribes. They grow vegetables in their kitchen gardens and in their fields and also obtain them from the forest. Rice is cooked on the occasion of festivals. They eat meat obtained from hunting animals and animal sacrifice. They consume wine made of mahua.

(b) Clothes and ornaments:
Gonds wear cotton clothes. Both male and female wear ornaments made of silver and aluminium. Women wear colourful glass bangles and necklace made of black beeds and cawries in their neck. Womens make tattoos on their body. Girls place almost half-a-dozen combs made of white bamboo in the crown of their hair.

(c) House/Residence:
Gonds live in nangale, i.e., palli and small village. They organise shagun at the place where they wish to build the house and celebrate there. There, they give sacrifice of duck or code. Their houses are made of grass and mud. Living room, kitchen, verandah and chapel is necessarily built in them.

3. Society and Culture:
Gonds live in a patriarchal social structure. After the death of the father, his entire property is distributed among his sons. The eldest man is the head of the family. Service marriage, exchange marriage, kidnapping marriage and widow marriage patterns are found among Gond people, and marriage ceremony is organised at some natural place, such as – near a water source or under the mango tree.

Ramdhuni is organised to avoid any unpleasant incident on their occasion. Head of the village is called Patel or Mukhadam and Watchman of village is called Kotwar. Gonds speak Hindi, Marathi, Telgu languages. Mutual conflicts are resolved by the Panchayat. The village priest is called Debari.

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