Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century

Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Social And Religious Reform Movements 10th Class Question 1.
In which year was Sati abolished?
(a) 1827
(b) 1829
(c) 1826
(d) 1927
Answer:
(b) 1829

Social And Religious Reform Movements In The 19th Century Book Back Answers Question 2.
What was the name of the Samaj founded by Dayanand Saraswati?
(a) Arya Samaj
(b) Brahmo Samaj
(c) Prarthana Samaj
(d) Adi Brahmo Samaj
Answer:
(a) Arya Samaj

Social And Religious Reform Movements 10th Class Notes Question 3.
Whose campaign and work led to the enactment of Widow Remarriage Reform Act of 1856?
(a) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy
(c) Annie Besant
(d) Jyotiba Phule
Answer:
(a) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar

Social And Religious Reform Movements 10th Class Question Answer Question 4.
Whose voice was Rast Goftar?
(a) Parsi Movement
(b) Aligarh Movement
(c) Ramakrishna Mission
(d) Dravida Mahajana Sabha
Answer:
(a) Parsi Movement

Social And Religious Reform Movements 10th Class Answers Question 5.
Who was the founder of Namdhari Movement?
(a) Baba Dayal Das
(b) Baba Ramsingh
(c) Gurunanak
(d) Jyotiba Phule
Answer:
(b) Baba Ramsingh

Question 6.
Who was Swami 5hradhananda?
(a) a disciple of Swami Vivekananda
(b) one who caused a split in the Brahmo Samaj of India
(c) one who caused a split in the Arya Samaj
(d) founder of Samathuva Samajam.
Answer:
(c) one who caused a split in the Arya Samaj

Question 7.
Who was the founder of Widow Remarriage Association?
(a) M.G. Ranade
(b) Devendranath Tagore
(c) Jyotiba Phule
(d) Ayyankali
Answer:
(a) M.G. Ranade

Question 8.
Who was the author of the book Satyarthaprakash?
(a) Dayananda Saraswathi
(b) Vaikunda Swamy
(c) Annie Besant
(d) Swami Shradanatha
Answer:
(a) Dayananda Saraswathi

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. ……… founded the Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam.
2. The founder of Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was ………
3. Satyashodak Samaj was launched by ………
4. Gulumgir was written by ………
5. Satyarthaprakash enumerates the positive principles of ………
6. Ramakrishna Mission was established by ………
7. ……… was the forerunner of Akali Movement.
8. ……… brought tremendous changes in the caste structure in Kerala.
9. Oru paisa Tamilan was started by ………
Answers:
1. Ramalinga Swamigal
2. M.G. Ranade
3. Jyotiba Phule
4. Jyotiba Phule
5. conduct
6. Swami Vivekanand
7. Singh Sabha
8. Narayan Guru
9. Iyothee Thassar

III. Choose the correct statement.

Question 1.
(i) Raja Rammohan Roy preached monotheism
(ii) He encouraged idolatry
(iii) He published tracts condemning social evils
(iv) Raja Rammohan Roy was supported by Governor General William Bentinck
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (i) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (i) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer:
(d) (i) (iii) and (iv) are correct

Question 2.
(i) Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Atma Ram Pandurang.
(ii) Prarthana Samaj encouraged interdining and inter-caste marriage.
(iii) Jyotiba Phule worked for the upliftment of men.
(iv) Prarthana Samaj had it’s origin in the Punjab.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct
(d) (iii) and (iv) are correct
Answer:
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct

Question 3.
(i) Ramakrishna Mission was actively involved in social causes such as education, health care, relief in time of calamities.
(ii) Ramakrishna emphasised the spiritual union with god through ecstatic practices.
(iii) Ramakrishna established the Ramakrishna Mission
(iv) Ramakrishna opposed the Partition of Bengal
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct (d)
(iv) alone correct
Answer:
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Jyotiba Phule opened orphanages and homes for widows
Reason (R): Jyotiba Phule opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage
(a) Assertion is correct but reason is not apt to the assertion
(b) Assertion is correct and the reason is apt to the assertion
(c) Both are wrong
(d) Reason is correct but assertion is irrelevant
Answer:
(b) Assertion is correct and the reason is apt to the assertion

IV. Match the following.

Answers:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (c)

V. Answer briefly.

Question 1.
Mention the four articles of faith laid down by Maharishi Debendranath Tagore?
Answer:
He laid down four articles of faith.

1. In the beginning there was nothing. The one Supreme Being alone existed who created the universe.
2. He alone is the God of Truth, Infinite wisdom, Goodness and power, eternal, omnipresent.
3. Our Salvation depends on belief in Him and in His worship in this world.
4. Belief consists in loving Him and doing His will.

Question 2.
Discuss Mahadev Govind Ranade’s contribution to social reforms.
Answer:
Mahadev Govind Ranade was a great social reformer. He advocated for inter-caste dining, inter-caste marriage, widow remarriage and improvement of women and depressed classes. He founded the Widow Marriage Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and Decean Education society.

Question 3.
Assess the role of Ayyankali in fighting for the cause of “untouchables.”
Answer:
Ayyankali, as a child faced the problems that made him turn into a leader of an anti-caste movement. He fought for the basic rights including access to public spaces and entry to schools. He wore clothes associated with upper castes and rode an ox-cart which was a ban for untouchables on public roads.

Question 4.
Write a note on reforms of Ramalinga Adigal.
Answer:
Ramalinga swamigal emphasised the bonds of responsibility and compassion between living beings. He empressed the view that those who lack compassion for suffering beings are hard hearted, their wisdom clonded. He showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings including plants. He established the Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam in 1865 and it was renamed in 1872 as ‘Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam’ which means ‘Society for pure truth in universal self-hood’. Ramalinga also estabilished a free feeding house for everyone.

Question 5.
What was the impact of Swami Vivekananda’s activist ideology?
Answer:
Vivekananda’s activist ideology breed a sense of confidence among Indians. It kindled the desire for political change among many western-education young Bengal. He advocated that service to humanity is service to God. His ideology allowed the lower caste Hindus to be allowed in the Hindu rituals.

Question 6.
What are the differences between Reformist Movements and Revival Movements?
Answer:
While the reformist movements strived to change the fundamental system and structures of the society, through gradual changes within the existing institutions; revivalist movements tended to revive formers customs or practices and thus take the society back to the glorious past.

Question 7.
List the social evils eradicated by Brahmo Samaj.
Answer:

1. Abolition of Sati in 1829, Child marriage and Polygamy.
2. Advocated Education for women, western science in schools and colleges.

Question 8.
Highlight the work done by Jyotiba Phule for the welfare of the poor and the marginalized.
Answer:
Jyotiba Phule worked for the upliftment of depressed classes and the causes of women. He opened orphanges and homes for widows. He opened the first school for ‘untouchable’ in 1852 in Poona. He launched the Satyashodhak Samaj (Truth-Seekers Society) in 1870 to stir the non-Brahman masses to self-respect and ambition. He supported widow remarriage, which was prohibited particularly among high-caste Hindus. His work, Gulamgiri (slavery) is an important work that condemned the inequlities of caste.

Question 9.
What was the impact of lyotheeThassar’s visit to SriLanka.
Answer:
He converted himself to Buddhism. He founded the Sakya Buddhist society at Madras. He believed that the revival of Buddhism could liberate the people from the evil of caste that afflicted the Hindu society. He called the ‘Untouchables, Sathi Petham Atra Dravidar and urged them to register as castelss Dravidians.

VI. Answer all the questions given under each caption:

Question 1.
Aligarh Movement

(i) What is the main aim of this Movement?
Answer:
The main aim of the Aligarh Movement was to persuade the Muslims to acquire modem knowledge and English language.

(ii) Who is considered the soul of this Movement?
Answer:
Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan is considered the soul of the Aligarh Movement.

(iii)Why were English books translated into Urudu?
Answer:
Many English Books were translated into Urdu in order to enable the Muslims to accept the western science and take up government services.

(iv) Name the college which was later raised to the status of a University?
Answer:
Aligarh Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.

Question 2.
Ramalinga Adigal

(i) What is Jeevakarunya?
Answer:
Ramalinga Adigal showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings including plants . This he called as Jeevakarunya.

(ii) What are the Songs of Grace?
Answer:
His voluminous songs were compiled and published under the title Thiruvarutpa which are called Songs of Grace.

(iii) Point out the major contribution of Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam?
Answer:
The Major contribution of Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sathya Sangam were to establish free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur in 1867.

(iv) Where did he establish his free feeding house?
Answer:
The free feeding house is at Vadalur, established in 1867.

Question 3.
Deoband Movement

(a) Who were the organizers of this Movement?
Answer:
The Deoband Movement was organised be the orthodox Muslim Ulemas.

(b) What were the two main objectives of the Movement?
Answer:
The two main objectives of this Movement were:

• to propagate the pure teachings of the Quran and the Hadith
• to encourage the spirit of Jihad against the foreign and un-Ismalic elements

(c) Who founded the school at Deoband?
Answer:
The Ulemas under the leadership of Muhammad Qusim Wanoutavi and Rashed Ahmad Gangohi founded the school at Deoband in the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh in 1866.

(d) Against whom the fatwa was issued by Deoband Ulema?
Answer:
In 1888 Deoband Ulemas issued the fatwa (a religious decree) against Syed Ahmed Khan’s Orgnisation called ‘The United Patriotic Association’ and ‘The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Association.

VII. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Compare and contrast the contributions of Revivalist Movements with that of Reform Movements.
Answer:

1. Reform Movements were the Brahmo Samaj, the Prarthana Samaj and the Aligarh movement.
2. Revival movements were the Arya Samaj, the Ramakrishna mission, Deoband Movement.
3. To compare, both the reform and revival movements were in some way or other attack the social evils that prevailed in the society like sati, female infanticide, child marriages and various superstitious beliefs and complex rituals.
4. The reform movements strived to change the fundamental system and structure of the society, while the reformist movements strived to revive the earlier customs and practices, protecting the cultural heritage of the country.
5. Revival movements proved that the rich cultural heritage of India was found superior to the Western culture. That’s why, Arya Samaj advocated ‘Go back to the Vedas’.
6. The Reform movement responded to the changes in the time period and scientific thinking of the modem era.
7. For example, Brahmo Samaj, considers other religions such as Christianity, Islam as equal to Hinduism.
8. Arya Samaj believes in the superiority of Hinduism.
9. The Reform movements were influenced by the Western culture, whereas the Revival movements were influenced by Indian culture only.

Question 2.
Discuss the circumstances that led to the Reform movements of 19th century.
Answer:

1. The nineteenth century India was plagued with a number of social evils such as sati, child marriage, female infanticide, polygamy and so on.
2. Women were subjugated by men and were not allowed to get education. They were restricted to home and hearth. They were considered inferior to men.
3. The condition of the depressed classes was miserable. They were subject to untouchable. Their entry to schools, temples and other public places, meant for upper castes, was banned. Hence, there was no education among the people belonging to lower castes.
4. There were other evil practices prevalent in the Indian society such as excessive superstitious religious beliefs, animal sacrifice, which needed attention of the social reformers for the benefit of the common people of the society.
5. There was total absence of reason in the society. The system of child marriage was prevalent which resulted to child widows. These widows were never accepted in the family and were destined to lead a pathetic life. These were the circumstances that led to the Reform movements in the nineteenth century.

Question 3.
Evaluate the contributions of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Swami
Answer:
Vivekananda to regenerate Indian society.

1. Ramakrishna Paramahamsa was a simple priest of Kolkata gained popularity by emphasising the spiritual union with God by singing bhajans.
2. He declared that the manifestations of the divine mother were infinite and said ‘Jiva is Siva’ which means all living beings are God.
3. He insisted on not mercy, rather service. Service for Man as regarded as Service to God.
4. After his death in 1886, his disciples, especially Vivekananda established the Ramakrishna Mission, which undertook not only religious activities but also social causes.
5. Education, Health Care, Relief in times of calamities were the main social works of the mission.
6. Vivekananda emphasised a cultural nationalism and made a call to Indian youth to regenerate Hindu society.
7. His ideas gave a sense of self-confidence among Indians who felt inferior in relation to the materialistic achievements of the west.
8. He suggested the orthodox Hindus that the lower castes should be allowed to engaged in the Hindu rituals from which they were excluded.
9. Vivekananda’s activist ideology rekindled the desire for political change among many Western education young Bengalis.
10. His ideas were inspiring to many of the militant nationalist before Indian independence and even for today’s people.

Question 4.
Write an essay on the role played by the 19th century reformers towards the cause of Women.
Answer:
Several social reformers emerged during the 19th century India who played a big role towards the cause of women:

(i) Raja Rammohun Roy was deeply concerned with the prevanting customs of sati, child marriage and polygamy. He advocated the rights of widows to remarry. He wanted – polygamy to end. He raised voice against sati system and forced the Governor-General William Bentinck to abolish this social evil in 1829. He condemned the subjugation of women and opposed the prevailing ideas that women were inferior to men. He strongly advocated education for women.

(ii) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was lead against the burning of widows. He supported the idea of widow remarriage. He played a leading role in promoting education of girls and helped them in setting up a number of schools. He dedicated his entire life for the betterment of the child widows of the Hindu society. He led a movement that resulted in the widows’ Remarriage Reform Act of 1856.

(iii) Jyotiba Phule worked for the cause of women. He opposed child marriage and supported widow remarriage, which was prohibited particularly their lives for the uplift of the depressed classes and women. Jyotiba opened orphanages and homes for widows.

(iv) Swami Dayanand Saraswati said that the prohibition of widow remarriage had no scriptural sanction.

(v) Reformers like R.C. Bhandarkar and Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade devoted themselves to activities such as widow remarriage and improvement of women and depressed classes. M.G. Ranade founded the widow Remarriage Association in 1861.

Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The pioneer of the reform movements was
(a) Raja Rammohan Roy
(b) Keshab ChandraSen
(c) Devendranath Tagore
Answer:
(a) Raja Rammohan Roy

Question 2.
……………… dedicated his whole life for the betterment of the child widows of the Hindu Society.
(a) M.G. Ranade
(b) Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Atma Ram Pandurang
(d) Ramakrishna
Answer:
(b) Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar

Question 3.
Swami Dayananda Saraswathi started the
(a) Brahmo Samaj
(b) Arya Samaj
(c) Prarthana Samaj
Answer:
(b) Arya Samaj

Question 4.
The first age of consent Act was passed in the year ………………
(a) 1830
(b) 1840
(c) 1850
(d) 1860
Answer:
(d) 1860

Question 5.
Vallalar’s devotional songs are compiled in a volume called
(a) Devaram
(b) Ettuthogai
(c) Thiru Arutpa
Answer:
(c) Thiru Arutpa

Question 6.
……………… wrote the book Satyarthaprakash.
(a) Shraddhananda
(b) Dayananda Saraswathi
(c) Jyotiba Phule
(d) Narayana Guru
Answer:
(b) Dayananda Saraswathi

Question 7.
Sir Syed Ahamed Khan started a school at
(a) Alipore
(b) Allepey
(c) Ghazipur
Answer:
(c) Ghazipur

Question 8.
Inspired by Sree Narayan Guru, ……………… founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam.
(a) Deoband
(b) Ayyankali
(c) Sayyid Ahmed Khan
(d) Ramalinga Adigal
Answer:
(b) Ayyankali

Question 9.
“Go back to Vedas” was said by
(a) Swami Dayananda Saraswathi
(b) Annie Besant
(c) Swami Vivekananda
Answer:
(a) Swami Dayananda Saraswathi

Question 10.
Ramalinga Adigal was popularly known as ………………
(a) Nirankar
(b) Vallalar
(c) Vaikunda Swami
(d) Iyothee Thassar
Answer:
(b) Vallalar

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. ……… was the pioneer of reform movements.
2. Raja Rammohan Roy was called the ……… India.
3. Prarthana Samaj was founded in Bombay in 1867 by ………
4. Swami Dayananda Saraswathi founded the ……… in 1875.
5. ……… was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Henry S Olcott.
6. Annie Besant started the ……… movement.
7. ……… was founded by Swami Vivekananda.
8. Samarasa Sudha Sanmarka Sangam was started by ………
9. ……… was started by Sir Syed Ahamed Khan.
10. Jyotiba Phule formed the ………
11. The Hindus who had been converted to other religions were reconverted by ………
12. Theosophy means ………
13. Home Rule movement was started by ………
14. The childhood name of Swami Vivekananda was ………
15. Sathya Gnana Sabai was established by ………
16. “The Hindus and Muslims are the two eyes of the beautiful bird that was India” was said by ………
17. “Satya Shodhak Samaj” was formed by ………
Answers:
1. Raja Rammohan Roy
2. Herald of New Age
3. Dr. Atmaram Pandurang
4. Arya Saniaj
5. The Theosophical Society
6. Home Rule
7. The Ramakrishna Mission
8. Ramalinga Adigal
9. The Aligarh movement
10. Satya Shodhak Samaj
11. Suddhi movement
12. Wisdom of God
13. Annie Besant
14. Narendranath Dutta
15. ValIalar
16. Syed Ahamed Khan
17. Jyotiba Phule

III. Match the following:

Answers:
1. (e)
2. (a)
3. (c)
4. (b)
5. (d)

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (b)

Answers:
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (b)

IV. Answer the following briefly:

Question 1.
Write a note on the Age of Consent Act.
Answer:
The Age of Consent Act was enacted by the efforts of the reformer Vidyasagar in 1860. Initially it was fixed for ten years. Later it was raised to twelve years in 1891 and thirteen years in 1925.

Question 2.
Name the services rendered by the Arya Samaj.
Answer:

1. Arya Samaj opposed Child marriage, Polygamy, Purdha System, Casteism and Sati.
2. It advocated women education, inter-caste marriage and inter-dining.
3. It insisted on education of the women and upliftment of the depressed classes.
4. The Samaj started a number of schools all over the country to impart English and Vedic education. These schools are called Dayananda Anglo-Vedic schools and colleges.

Question 3.
Who opposed Arya Samaj for its doctrinal purity?
Answer:
Swami Shraddhananda opposed Arya Samaj for its doctrinal purity. He was the opinion that the group running the DAV schools are too westernised and thereby ignore founder’s ideology. Therefore he started own network of schools, Gurukulas, emphasising the study of vedas.

Question 4.
What are the teachings of Vallalar?
Answer:

1. Vallalar condemned the inequalities based on birth.
2. He advocated that feeding the poor is the highest form of worship.
3. He insisted compassion and mercy on all living things.
4. According to Vallalar “Service to mankind is the path of Moksha”
5. God is the personification of mercy and knowledge.
6. The path of compassion and mercy are the only way to reach God.

Question 5.
What are the Islamic Reform movements originated in India and what do they mainly focus on?
Answer:
Scientific society founded of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan was his first initiative. Later he founded the Aligarh Movement emphasising education and started Aligarh University. Deoband movement organised by The orthodox Muslim Ulema to spread the spirit of Muslims against un-islamic elements.

Question 6.
Name the followers of Swami Dayananda Saraswathi.
Answer:

1. Lala Lajpat Rai
2. Lala Hansraj
3. Pandit Guru Dutt
4. Bala Gangathara Tilak
5. Gopala Krishna Gokhale

Question 7.
Who started the Sadharan Samaj? Why?
Answer:
In 1866, Keshab Chandra Sen left the Brahmo Samaj and founded a new organisation called as Debendranath’s organisation. Later it was called as Adi Brahmo Samaj. When Keshab’s 14 yrs old daughter married to an Indian prince, the opponents of child marriage left Brahmo Samaj and started the SadharanSamaj.

Question 8.
Write a note on Keshab Chandra Sen.
Answer:

1. He was one of the followers of Raja Rammohan Roy.
2. After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the works of the Brahmo Samaj were carried on by Keshab Chandra Sen.
3. Because of his efforts, an act was passed in 1872. It abolished polygamy and child marriage.

Question 9.
What are the Social reforms of Jyotiba Phule?
Answer:

1. He revolted against the domination of the Brahmins.
2. He worked for the rights of the peasants and other low caste people.
3. He formed the “Satya Shadhak Samaj” in 1873, to liberate the people of lower caste from the suppression by Brahmins.
4. He started Orphanage for the unfortunate children.
5. He decided to construct a common bathing tank outside his house for the people of lower caste people.

Question 10.
Write a short note about ‘Sree Narayana Guru’.
Answer:

1. He was a great social reformer from Kerala.
2. He started ‘Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam’ in 1903.
3. It worked for the social economic and educational development of the Ezhava community and other backward people.
4. He condemned animal sacrifices, casteism and other social evils.

Question 11.
What is called ‘Jeeva Karunya’?
Answer:

1. St. Ramalinga had the view that love is the “Master key to Spirituality”.
2. He showed compassion and mercy not only on human beings, but also on plants, insects, birds and animals. This is called ‘Jeeva Karunya’.

V. Answer all the questions given under each Captions:

Question 1.
Brahmo Samaj

(a) When was it founded? Who was its founder?
Answer:
Brahmo Samaj was founded in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.

(b) What was the important Legislation passed due to the efforts of. its founder?
Answer:
Abolition of Sati in 1829 was the important Legislation passed due to the efforts of its founder.

(c) What does the Samaj forbade?
Answer:
The Samaj forbade idol-worship and condemned meaning less religious rituals an ceremonies.

(d) Whow took over the Samaj leadership after the death of its founder?
Answer:
Maharishi Debendranath Tagore, carried on the work of the founder after his death in 1833.

Question 2.
Arya Samaj

(a) What was the original name of Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi?
Answer:
Mul Shankar

(b) Who was his guru”?
Answer:
Swamy Viijanand was his guru.

(c) What was his motto?
Answer:
His motto was “Go back to Vedas”.

(d) What did the Samaj advocate?
Answer:
The samaj advocated women education, inter-caste marriage and inter-dining.

Question 3.
Social Reform Movements in Kerala and Tamil nadu

(a) Name few Social Reformers from Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Sri Narayana Guru and Ayyarkali from Kerala and Ramalinga Adigal, Vaikunta Swamigal from Tamil Nadu.

(b) How was Vaikundar called by his followers. What was his cult called as?
Answer:
His followers called him respectfully as Ayya (father) and his cult was known as Ayya vazhi (The path of Ayya).

(c) What happened to the voluminous songs composed by Ramalinga Adigal?
Answer:
His voluminous songs were compiled and published under the title Thiruvarutpa (songs of Grace).

(d) Name the Association founded by Ayyankali inspired by Sree Narayana Guru?
Answer:
Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangam (Association for the protection of the poor) in 1907, inspired by Sree Narayana Guru.

Question 4.
Aligarh Movement

(a) Name the first religious movement of the Muslims.
Answer:
Aligarh Movement was the first religious movement of the Muslims.

(b) What did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan strongly believe?
Answer:
He strongly believed in the Hindu-Muslim unity.

(c) What was his greatest achievement?
Answer:
His greatest achievement was the establishment of the Mohammaden Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh in 1875.

(d) Name the newspaper published by him.
Answer:
Tahzil-ud-Akhlaq

VI. Answer the following questions in detail:

Question 1.
Write about Brahmo Samaj.

(a) The Foundation of the Brahmo Samaj:
Answer:

1. Raja Rammohan Roy founded “Atmiya Saba” in 1815.
2. Later it developed into “Brahmo Samaj” in 1828.

(b) Aim of the Brahmo Samaj:
Answer:
To cure Hindu society and religion from all its evils and set it on right footing.

(c) Principle of the Brahmo Samaj:
Answer:
The Brahmo Samaj believed in a ‘Universal religion’ based on the principles of one Supreme God.

(d) Services of the Brahmo Samaj:
Answer:

1. The samaj condemned idol worship, costly rites and rituals, cartle distinctions, untouchability and the practice of Sati.
2. Because of Raja Rammohan Roy’s hard work, William Bentinck passed Sati prohibition Act in 1829.
3. The samaj also fought against polygamy and child marriage and supported inter-caste marriage and widow remarriage.
4. It tried to obtain a respectable position for women in the Indian Society.
5. It encouraged the study of English language and the western science in India. By western studies superstitions and blind faiths were removed from India. After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the works of the samaj was carried on by great men like Keshab Chandra Sen and Devendranath Tagore.

Question 2.
Write a note on Social Reformers of Tamil Nadu in the 19th century.
Answer:
Ramalinga Swamigal: Ramalinga Adigal was popularly known as Vallalar. He showed his compassion and mercy on all living beings including plants. This he called as Jeevakarunya. He established Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam in 1865. He also established a free feeding house for everyone irrespective of caste at Vadalur in 1867. He wrote many songs which were compiled in the name of Thiruvarutpa.

Vaikunda Swamigal: His original name was Mudichudum Perumal which changed as Muthukutty because of the objection by upper class. He calls himself Vaikuntar. He preached the idea of equality and condemned the ’ worship of idols. He was against animal sacrifice in the name of religion. He was against caste differences and wanted social integration of the society.

Iyothee Thassaar: Iyothee Thassar was scholar , writer ,siddha medicine practitioner and also journalist and political activist. He campaigned for the social justice and worked for building up a casteless society and removal of untouchability. He established several schools for untouchables in Tamil Nadu. He published a weekly ‘Oru Paisa Tamilan’ in 1907 and it lasted till 1914. He worked also for the revival of Buddhism.

Question 3.
“Ramalinga Adigal played a prominent role in the social and Religious Reform Movements” – Explain it.
Answer:

1. St. Ramalinga tried his best to find solution to the social evils by inculcating spiritual awareness.
2. St. Ramalinga led to unity and solidarity of the Tamils.
3. He favoured the creation of a casteless society to be guided by God.
4. He believed God to be in the form of “Arul Perum Jothi”.
5. Ramalinga Adigal believed that hunger and poverty are the evils of the society.
6. He advocated that feeding the poor is the highest form of worship.
7. Ramalinga Adigal condemned the inequalities based on birth and promoted universal love and brother-hood.
8. As a result, he founded Sathya Dharma Sala at Vadalur for feeding the poor. It provides food to everyone irrespective of caste and creed throughout the year.
9. He showed compassion and mercy not only on human beings, but also on plants, insects, birds and animals. This is called “Jeeva Karunya”.
10. He opposed superstitious beliefs and rituals.
11. He emphasized on being vegetarian.
12. He forbade the killing of animals for the sake of food.
13. In 1870, he established Sathya Gnana Sabai.
14. His devotional songs are compiled in a volume called “Thiru Arutpa”.

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