Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 8 The Beginning of the Modern Age

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 8 The Beginning of the Modern Age

The Beginning of the Modern Age Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Who among the following is known as the Father of Humanism?
(a) Leonardo da Vinci
(b) Francisco Petrarch
(c) Erasmus
(d) Thomas More
Answer:
(b) Francisco Petrarch

Question 2.
The School of Athens was painted by ……………..
(a) Raphael Sanzio
(b) Michelangelo
(c) Albrecht Durer
(d) Leonardo da Vinci
Answer:
(a) Raphael Sanzio

Question 3.
William Harvey discovered ……………
(a) Heliocentric theory
(b) Geocentric theory
(c) Gravitational force
(d) Circulation of blood
Answer:
(d) Circulation of blood

 

Question 4.
Who wrote the 95 Theses?
(a) Martin Luther
(b) Zwingli
(c) John Calvin
(d) Thomas More
Answer:
(a) Martin Luther

Question 5.
Who wrote the book Institutes of Christian Religion?
(a) Martin Luther
(b) Zwingli
(c) John Calvin
(d) Cervantes
Answer:
(c) John Calvin

Question 6.
Which sailor was the first to cross the Equator?
(a) Henry, the Navigator
(b) Lopo Gonzalves
(c) Bartholomew Diaz
(d) Christopher Columbus
Answer:
(b) Lopo Gonzalves

Question 7.
…………… named the sea as Pacific Ocean as it was very calm.
(a) Columbus
(b) Amerigo Vespucci
(c) Ferdinand Magellan
(d) Vasco-da-gama
Answer:
(c) Ferdinand Magellan

Question 8.
The continent of America was named after …………..
(a) Amerigo Vespucci
(b) Christopher Columbus
(c) Vasco da Gama
(d) Hernando Cortez
Answer:
(a) Amerigo Vespucci

Question 9.
……………… was the headquarters of the Portuguese possession in the East.
(a) Manila
(b) Bombay
(c) Pondicherry
(d) Goa
Answer:
(d) Goa

Question 10.
Which among the following plants were introduced from America to Europe?
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Sweet Potato
(c) Rice
(d) Wheat
Answer:
(b) Sweet Potato

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. In 1453 Constantinople was captured by …………….
2. ……………. was known as Prince among Humanists.
3. ………….. is famous for his paintings in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
4. The reformation of the Catholic Church is known as …………….
5. The chief features of Commercial Revolution were …………., …………… and ……………
Answers:
1. Ottoman Turks
2. Erasmus
3. Michelangelo
4. Counter Reformation
5. Banking, Joint-stock companies and growth of trade

III. Find out the correct statement.

Question 1.
(a) Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church because he was discriminated.
(b) John Calvin’s government in Geneva was liberal and fun-filled.
(c) King Henry VIII had deep theological differences with the Catholic Church.
(d) Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and significance of the mass.
Answer:
(d) Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and significance of the mass.

Question 2.
(a) Discovery of new lands and sea routes shifted the economic centre from Italian city states to Spain and Portugal.
(b) Horses were native to America.
(c) During the begining of the Modem Age, State did not interfere in economic activities.
(d) The Portuguese collaborated with the Arabs in its trading activities in India.
Answer:
(a) and (d)

IV. Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (b)

V. Answer the following questions briefly

Question 1.
Explain how the invention of printing press influenced Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries.
Answer:
(i) The invention of the printing press accelerated the process of modernisation. Earlier, manuscripts were written by hand on animal skin called vellum. Only the privileged few could access them. Johannes Gutenberg (1394-1468 A.D. (C.E.)) invented the printing press in Germany in the middle of the fifteenth century. The printing press enabled the production of multiple copies of a manuscript and their spread all over Western Europe.

(ii) In less than fifty years after the invention of the Gutenberg printing press, about six million books had been printed.

(iii) The invention of printing press not only spread knowledge widely, but also promoted critical thinking.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the impact of Renaissance. ‘
Answer:

• Its most important contribution was the idea of humanism.
• The introduction and practice of writing in the vernacular, starting from Dante, enriched the growth of vernacular languages which in turn provided the intellectual basis for the rise of nation-states.
• Renaissance made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt and worldly practices of the Church.
• Discovery of new land routes and remapping of the world.
• Similarly, inquisitiveness and empiricism of renaissance combined with knowledge of the classical science led to new inventions in science.

Question 3.
Outline the differences of Martin Luther with the Catholic Church.
Answer:

1. In Catholic Church, Pope was the spiritual authority, but he lived a luxurious life like, a prince.
2. The Church prescribed a number of penances for various sins.
3. The Church even began to grant pardon, known as the indulgences, for a fee.
4. Luther opposed all these activities of the Church.
5. He listed out the famous ninety five theses and-pasted them on the Church door.
6. He put forward the doctrine of justification by faith.
7. His reformation marked the first successful break from the Church and establishment of the Protestant Church.

Question 4.
Write a brief note on Counter Reformation.
Answer:

• The Protestant reformation posed a threat to the Catholic Church.
• In order to meet the challenge Pope Paul III and his successors introduced a number of rigorous reforms in the Church. They dealt with corruption severely and stopped the sale of offices.
• The Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and the significance of the mass.
• Further, it revitalized the Inquisition to deal with opposition to the Church. It also gave official sanction to the Society of Jesus.
• This reformation of the Catholic Church from within is known as Counter Reformation.

 

Question 5.
What is Columbian Exchange?
Answer:
One of the most important outcomes of the conquest of Americas by the European colonial powers was the movement of plants, animals, technology, culture and strange diseases between the Americas and Europe or between the New World and the Old World. This is known as the Columbian Exchange.

VI. Answer all the questions given under each caption.

Question 1.
Renaissance
(a) Give reasons as to why renaissance originated in the Italian city-states.
Answer:
The Italian city-states were centres of cultural activities since the fourteenth century. With the coming of the scholars and artists from Constantinople there was a surge of enthusiasm and interest in studying classical literature and art of Greeks and Romans in the Italian city states. This creative upsurge was reflected in their writings, art, architecture and music. This cultural florescence is known as the renaissance.

(b) Name some of the important humanists and their works.
Answer:
Petrach (Father of Humanism) – My Secret Book
Dante – Divine Comedy
Machiavelli – The Prience
Erasmus – In Raise of Folly
Sir Thomas More – Utopia
Cervantes – Don Quixote

(c) List the differences between medieval art and Renaissance art.
Answer:
Renaissance paintings and sculptures were realistic and naturalistic. They improved over medieval paintings and sculptures which were stylized, unrealistic and two dimensional. They portrayed natural landscapes, human anatomy, emotions and ideas.

(d) Describe humanism.
Answer:
Humanism laid emphasis on human dignity and nature. Renaissance humanism promoted the view that humans are endowed with attributed that are to be used to achieve greatness.

Question 2.
Reformation
(а) Why did Martin Luther protest against the Church?
Answer:
Martin Luther rejected several teachings and practice of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgences.

(b) What is the doctrine of j ustification by faith?
Answer:
He argued that it was by faith alone that one could attain salvation. He put forward the doctrine of justification by faith. The grace of God would be bestowed by the divine will alone and not by the deeds of the people.

(c) Why did Henry VIII establish the Anglican Church? ”
Answer:
King Henry VIII longed for a son who would succeed him to the throne. For this purpose Henry wanted to marry again and therefore appealed to the Pope to annul his marriage with Catherine. However, the Holy Roman Emperor was Catherine’s nephew and he pressurized the Pope not to agree to his request.

As the Pope kept evading his decision, King Henry VIII grew impatient and broke his ties with Rome. By a series of Acts he established a separate Anglican Church. He confiscated the properties of the Catholic Church and monasteries in England and declared himself the Supreme Head of the Anglican Church.

(d) Mention the contribution of Ignatius Loyola.
Answer:
St. Ignatius Loyola founded the Society of Jesus to propagate Christianity. Its main work was through education and service to the destitute. It started a number of educational institutions, orphanages and homes for the destitute. Soon their missionaries were present in all parts of the world to spread the Catholic religion.

Question 3.
Geographical Discoveries
(a) Who is Henry, the Navigator?
Answer:
Henry thfe Navigator of Portugal laid the foundation for long distance sea voyages. He established a navigation school to train sailors. In his school, he taught them how to use navigational instruments such as the mariner’s compass and the astrolabe.

(b) List the causes for the geographical discoveries.
Answer:

1. When the Ottoman Turks blocked the land route between the East and the West, spices and other goods became costlier.
2. This intensified the urge to discover a new sea route to Asia.

(c) What led to the extinction of the natives of America?
Answer:

1. Many natives also died because of epidemic diseases brought by the colonizers.
2. The most dangerous weapons the natives had to encounter were these deadly diseases against which they were defenseless.
3. It led to the near annihilation of the natives in most parts of the Americas.

(d) What is triangular trade?
Answer:
The Trans-Atlantic Trade was a triangular trade. The European countries purchased slaves from Africa who were transported to America. In return they got sugar and other raw materials from America. The European countries profited immensely from this trade.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Discuss how Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical discoveries heralded the modern age?
Answer:
The Italian city-states were centres of cultural activities since the fourteenth century. With the coming of the scholars and artists from Constantinople there was a surge of enthusiasm and interest in studying classical literature and art of Greeks and Romans in the Italian city states. This creative upsurge was reflected in their writings, art, architecture and music. This cultural florescence is known as the renaissance. The origin of the word renaissance is from the Italian word renascita meaning rebirth. It is called renaissance because there was a rebirth or revival of classical Greek and Latin literature.

Many scholars in Italy went in search of manuscripts of classical literature. Greek scholar Manuel Chrysoloras who taught Greek classics in Italy, Guarino and Giovanni Aurispa, to name just a few, visited Constantinople several times to collect Greek manuscripts. Later they printed what they collected. This provided stimulus to the flowering of renaissance.

The critical thinking and inquisitive spirit of Renaissance humanism helped people question such practices of the Church. Humanists such as Erasmus and Sir Thomas More, apart from condemning the corrupt practices of the Church, were also critical of its doctrine. They issued pamphlets and published books highlighting the abuses of the Catholic Church.

Attempts to reform the Church before the sixteenth century met with failure. Those who protested were punished with death by the Church. However, in the age of reason, the moves of the reformers were supported by some of the rulers of the nation-states. This they thought would provide them an opportunity to free themselves from the interference of the Church in the affairs of the state.

The Lutheran reformation opened the gates for other Protestant reformations. Though inspired by the very same reasons as that of the Lutheran reformation, they showed differences in their doctrinal approach.

Question 2.
Examine the outcome of the geographical discoveries.
Answer:
The geographical discoveries transformed the European understanding of the world. It led to the redrawing of the world map. As a result of the discovery of new lands and new sea routes, the economic centre of Europe, shifted from the Italian city states to Spain and Portugal. Both Spain and Portugal established colonies that led to their economic prosperity.

Spanish discovery of the New World led to the conquest of Mexico and South America. The voyage of Columbus was followed by further explorations by Spanish Conquistadors (Conquerors) who defeated the natives and colonized it. They brutally killed the natives in their conquest and : The the remaining were employed under harsh conditions in gold and silver mines, and in plantations. The Spanish genocide of the natives included massacre, slavery and destruction of culture. Many natives also died because of epidemic diseases brought by the colonizers.

Student Activities

Question 1.
In an outline map of World, mark the routes of:
(a) Bartholomew Diaz
(b) Vasco-da-Gama
(c) Columbus
(d) Magellan
Answer:

Question 2.
Write a brief biography of Martin Luther.
Answer:
Martin Luther was bom in 1483. He was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He was a scrupulous follower of the Catholic faith. However, on his visit to Rome he was shocked by the luxurious life of the officials of the Church. Luther proposed an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses of 1517.

His refusal to renounce all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor. Luther’s reformation marked the first successful break from the Church and establishment of the Protestant Church. He died in 1546.

The Beginning of the Modern Age Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Europe was gradually moving towards urbanization due to decline of …………..
(a) Feudalism
(b) Trade
(c) Freedom
(d) Population
Answer:
(a) Feudalism

Question 2.
Cervantes of …………. wrote Don Quixote,
(a) Portugal
(b) Persia
(c) Italy
(d) Spain
Answer:
(d) Spain

Question 3.
……………… proved that earth revolved around the sun through a mathematical model.
(a) Ptolemy
(b) Galileo
(c) Copernicus
(d) Euclid
Answer:
(c) Copernicus

Question 4.
………… put forward the doctrine of justification by faith.
(a) Frederick
(b) Martin Luther
(c) Thomas More
(d) Johann Tetzel
Answer:
(b) Martin Luther

 

Question 5.
……….., with the support of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, set sail in three ships.
(a) Henry
(b) Ptolemy
(c) Columbus
(d) Amerigo Vespucci
Answer:
(c) Columbus

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The Portuguese navy defeated the King of Calicut and captured Goa …………….
2. The introduction of Sugarcane led to the establishment of Sugarcane plantation in …………… islands.
3. Mercantilism refers to ……………. system.
4. The English East India Company had monopoly trade in ………………
5. Machiavelli wrote a …………… treatise called‘The Prince’.
6. The office of the Pope was known as …………..
7. ………….. founded the Society of Jesus to propagate Christianity.
8. Henry, the Navigator of Portugal laid the foundation for …………….
9. …………….. trade increased with the discovery and colonization of America.
Answers:
1. Zamorin
2. Caribbean
3. economic
4. India
5. political
6. Papacy
7. St. Ignatius Loyola
8. long-distance voyages
9. Slave

III. Match the following:

1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (d)
4. (e)
d. (a)

IV. Give short answers.

Question 1.
What subject were taught in the Italian universities?
Answer:
Italian universities taught humanities namely language, grammar, rhetoric, history and ethics which prepared the students for public life, commerce and administration. The study of humanities was so popular in the Italian Universities. Students from all over the world flocked there.

Question 2.
Explain the term Inquisition.
Answer:
Inquisition was an institution of the Catholic Church to deal with heresies beliefs in opposition to the Catholic faith.Those found guilty and who recanted were awarded milder punishments and imprisonment. Those who refused to recant were burnt at the stake. The most infamous inquisition was the Spanish Inquisition.

Question 3.
Write about Zwingli and Calvin.
Answer:
Zwingli of Switzerland and John Calvin of Geneva followed Martin Luther. Zwingli worked from Zurich and was against all forms of rituals. John Calvin also apposed all forms of display of wealth. Calvin codified his views in his book Institutes of Christian Religion. He believed that church should be independent of political control on religious matters. Calvinism became more popular.

Question 4.
Bring out the main features of India at the dawn of Modern Age in Europe.
Answer:
The Mughal rule started in 1526 A.D. Vijayanagar state, founded in 1336, rose to a great power under Krishnadeva Raya. Portuguese established their empire in the East with headquarters at Goa. In Tamil Nadu, in Madurai, Nayak rule began dividing the Pandya kingdom into seventy two palayams. The arrival of Jesuit Missions and the work of St. Francis Xavier, as a member of Society of Jesus, led to conversion of fishing community to Christianity (Catholicism) in Thoothukudi region.

V. Answer all questions given under each heading.

Question 1.
Growth of trade and Rise of Towns.
(a) Where did the process urbanisation start first in Europe?
Answer:
This process of urbanisation started first in Italy because of its prosperous Mediterranean trade.

(b) Name the city states which profited due to this trade.
Answer:
Italian city-states such as Venice and Genoa profited immensely from this trade.

(c) What were the new ideas born in this Context?
Answer:
In this context, new ideas leading to the Renaissance, Refonhation and Exploration through sea voyages were bom.

(d) What did the Arabs bring?
Answer:
The Arabs brought spices from the east and then transported them by land to the ports of the Mediterranean region.

Question 2.
Fall of Constantinople.
(a) Who captured Constantinople?
Answer:
In 1453 A.D. Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, was captured by the Ottoman Turks.

(b) What was the result?
Answer:
This acted as a catalyst for the birth of Renaissance. It also led to the discovery of new land routes. .

(c) Who moved towards the Italian City states?
Answer:
Following the Turkish occupation, a number of scholars, artists and artisans left Constantinople moving towards the Italian city states.

(d) What was promoted by them?
Answer:
Their presence and encouragement promoted the study of classical literature and art of Greeks and Romans.

 

Question 3.
Science during Renaissance.
(a) Who inspired the advances in Science?
Answer;
The advances in science were inspired by Ptolemy, Archimedes, Euclid and others.

(b) What was proved by Copernicus?
Answer:
Copernicus proved that earth revolved around the sun through a mathematical model.

(c) What was the contribution of Galileo?
Answer:
Galileo proved further astronomical proof with the aid of the telescope he invented.

(d) What role was played by the Church in the field of science?
Answer:
The Church continued to prevent the growth of science as it undermined its importance.

Question 4.
Vasco da Gama:
(а) When did Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal?
Answer:
In 1497 A.D. Vasco da Gama sailed from Portugal.

(b) Where did he reach in Africa?
Answer:
He reached the Cape of Good Hope in Africa.

(c) Where did he reach on the Malabar Coast?
Answer:
1498 A.D. he reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast.

(d) Why was Vasco da Gama astounded?
Answer:
At Calicut, Vasco da Gama was astounded to find pepper and other spices, a precious commodity in Portugal, available at low prices.

VII. Answer the following in detail:

Question 1.
Write about Martin Luther.
Answer:
Martin Luther, a monk of the Augustinian Order and a Professor’ of Theology in the University of Wittenberg, was a devout Christian and a scrupulous follower of the Catholic faith. However, on his visit to Rome he was shocked by the luxurious life of the officials of the Church. Martin Luther wrote a pamphlet against the sale of indulgences, sale of offices and other corrupt practices. He listed out ninety five points and pasted them on the Church door of Wittenberg. Martin Luther signalled his revolt by publicly burning the Papal Bull.

 

Luther further elaborated his differences with the Church. He rejected the belief that ceremonies and penances would lead to salvation. He argued that it was by faith alone that one could attain salvation. He put forward the doctrine of justification by faith. The grace of God would be bestowed by the divine will alone and not by tfie deeds of the people. Luther’s reformation marked the first successful break from the Church and establishment of the Protestant Church.