UP Board Class 10 English Chapter 1 – Parts of Speech (Grammar)
UP Board Class 10 English Chapter 1 – Parts of Speech (Grammar)
UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 1 – Parts of Speech (Grammar)
Important Points and Rules
Noun
Noun is the name of a person, place, animal or thing.
e.g. (i) That is her pen. (ii) Saurabh goes to school.
Kinds of Noun संज्ञा के प्रकार
Noun मुख्यत: निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं
- Proper noun (व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा )
- Common noun (जातिवाचक संज्ञा )
- Collective noun (समूहवाचक संज्ञा )
- Material noun (पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा)
- Abstract noun ( भाववाचक संज्ञा
Proper Noun व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा
A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, animal or thing.
e.g. (i) Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India.
(ii) The Taj Mahal is beautiful.
Common Noun जातिवाचक संज्ञा
A common noun is the common name given to all persons, places, animals or things of the same kind.
e.g. (i) Horse is very faithful.
(ii) Lion is the king of jungle.
Collective Noun समूहवाचक संज्ञा
A collective noun is the name given to a group or collection of people, places, animals or things.
e.g. (i) He ate a bunch of grapes.
(ii) The Army protects us.
Material Noun पदार्थवाचक संज्ञा
A material noun is the name given to a substance from which things are made.
e.g. (i) The chair is made of iron.
(ii) He has a chain of silver.
Abstract Noun भाववाचक संज्ञा
An abstract noun is the name of a feeling, state, idea or quality which we cannot see or touch.
e.g. (i) Beauty comes in a small package.
(ii) Motherhood is a blessing.
Number of Noun संज्ञा के वचन
A word which indicates whether noun is singular or plural is known as a number of noun.
Number निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार के होते हैं
1. Singular number (एकवचन)
2. Plural number (बहुवचन)
1. Singular number (एकवचन)
A singular noun refers to only one person, place, animal or thing.
e.g. (i) I have a mobile. (ii) She writes a letter.
2. Plural Number (बहुवचन)
A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, animal or thing.
e.g. (i) He has two baskets. (ii) Ira has five pens.
Gender (लिंग) of the Noun
Gender indicates whether a particular noun or pronoun is masculine, feminine, common or neuter.
Gender निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार के होते हैं
1. Masculine gender (पुल्लिंग)
2. Feminine gender (स्त्रीलिंग)
3. Common gender (उभयलिंग)
4. Neuter gender (नपुंसकलिंग)
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Choose the correct opposite gender of the following nouns.
1. Gander
(a) Goose
(b) Grouse
(c) Glider
(d) Goat
2. Duke
(a) Vicereine
(b) Duchess
(c) Princess.
(d) Marchioness
3. Bull
(a) Ox
(b) Cart
(c) Cow
(d) Sheep
4. Fox
(a) Jack
(b) Vixen
(c) Bull
(d) Gander
5. Horse
(a) Stallion
(b) Boar
(c) Bull
(d) Gander
II. Identify the correct option.
1. The noun form of ‘strong’ is
(a) strength
(b) stronger
(c) strongest
(d) strange
2. The noun form of ‘succeed’ is
(a) successful
(b) succeeding
(c) success
(d) successfully
3. The noun form of ‘weak’ is
(a) weakness
(b) weaker
(c) weakest
(d) None of these
4. The noun form of ‘faithful’ is
(a) faithfully
(b) faith
(c) faithest
(d) faither
5. The noun form of ‘mother’ is
(a) motherhood
(b) mothers
(c) motherland
(d) mother-in-law
6. The noun form of ‘good’ is …..
(a) goods
(b) better
(c) best
(d) goodness
7. The noun form of ‘classify’ is ……..
(a) classifying
(b) classification
(c) classified
(d) classical
8. The noun form of ‘hate’ is ………
(a) hateful
(b) hatred
(c) hate
(d) hating
Answers
I. 1. (a) Goose
2. (b) Duchess
3. (c) Cow
4. (b) Vixen
5. (a) Stallion
II. 1. (a) strength
2. (c) success
3. (a) weakness
4. (b) faith
5. (a) motherhood
6. (d) goodness
7. (b) classification
8. (b) hatred
The Pronoun
A Pronoun is a word that can be used instead of a noun. जैसे he, she, this, it, them, आदि। इसका प्रयोग noun की पुनरावृत्ति को रोकने के लिए किया जाता है।
e.g. (i) Ram is a doctor. He helps the poor.
(ii) Sita is his wife. She is very beautiful.
Kinds of Pronoun सर्वनाम के प्रकार
Pronoun मुख्यत: निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं :
- Personal pronoun ( व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम )
- Demonstrative pronoun (संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम )
- Interrogative pronoun (प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम )
- Relative pronoun (सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम )
- Distributive pronoun ( विभागसूचक सर्वनाम )
Personal Pronoun व्यक्तिवाचक सर्वनाम
A pronoun that is used in place of a person or a thing is called a personal pronoun. इसके अन्तर्गत I, we, you, he, she, it, they शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) I am a boy. (ii) She is a girl.
जानवरों तथा वस्तुओं के लिए It का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Personal pronoun से निम्नलिखित तीन persons का बोध होता है
(a) First person बात कहने वाला; जैसे I, We.
(b) Second person बात सुनने वाला; जैसे You.
(c) Third person जिसके बारे में बात की जा रही हो; जैसे He, She, It, They.
Demonstrative Pronoun संकेतवाचक सर्वनाम
A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specific person, place, animal or thing. It tells whether the noun is near or far. इसके अन्तर्गत this, that, these, those शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) That was my dog. (ii) These are my chairs.
This (singular) व These (plural) का प्रयोग पास की वस्तुओं के लिए किया जाता है। That (singular) व Those (plural) का प्रयोग दूर की वस्तुओं के लिए किया जाता है। इन pronouns के पश्चात् सदैव verb आती है।
Interrogative Pronoun प्रश्नवाचक सर्वनाम
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask question. इसके अन्तर्गत which what, who, where, when, whose, whom, how शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) Where does he work? (ii) Which was his pencil?
Who, whom, whose का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों के लिए, what का प्रयोग वस्तुओं के लिए तथा which का प्रयोग व्यक्तियों व वस्तुओं दोनों के लिए किया जाता है। Who का प्रयोग subject की तरह, whom का प्रयोग object की तरह, whose का प्रयोग possessive form में तथा what व which का प्रयोग subject व object दोनों के लिए किया जाता है।
Relative Pronoun सम्बन्धवाचक सर्वनाम
A relative pronoun is used to refer to the noun that is mentioned before in the sentence. इसके अन्तर्गत who, whose, whom, which, that, शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) She is the girl who will help you.
(ii) Ashu is the peon whose leg is fractured.
Distributive Pronoun विभागसूचक सर्वनाम
A distributive pronoun is used to refer to or acknowledge more than one thing or person, although not collectively but individually. इसके अन्तर्गत each, either, neither, none शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) Either of the friends has finished the work.
(ii) Each of them got punished.
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blank with the appropriate pronoun.
1. ……….. shoes he is wearing look very expensive.
(a) This
(b) That
(c) Those
(d) These
2. She is teaching Rohan and ……….
(a) her
(b) she
(c) herself
(d) them
3. Be sure that everyone brings …….. gift.
(a) them
(b) he
(c) him a
(d) his
4. …….. and ………. will be punished.
(a) You and me
(b) You and I
(c) Me and you
(d) I and you
5. Each person in the room turned to …….. when the teacher entered.
(a) his
(b) her
(c) him
(d) Both (a) and (b)
II. Choose the appropriate option to complete the sentences.
1. The students have welcomed their new teacher but she ignored …….
(a) him
(b) them
(c) ours
(d) hers
2. The story left an everlasting impact on …….. readers
(a) her
(b) his
(c) their
(d) its
3. The boys, ……. were in the hall, broke the window.
(a) which
(b) that
(c) whose
(d) who
4. My grandparents live in Mumbai …….. visit us often.
(a) Them
(b) They
(c) Their
(d) He
5. This is not the bag …….. I used to carry with me.
(a) who
(b) which
(c) whose
(d) None of these
III. Fill the appropriate pronoun and complete the following sentences.
1. We have met the writer …….. wrote this novel.
2. Vikas ……. will call you before the reception.
3. My I take …….. umbrella.
4. …….. has stolen the watch. I cannot believe that.
5. Parents love all of …….. equally.
Answers
I. 1. (c) Those
2. (a) her
3. (c) him
4. (b) You and I
5. (c) him
II. 1. (b) them
2. (d) its
3. (d) who
4. (b) They
5. (b) which
III. 1. who
2. himself
3. you
4. He
5. them
The Adjective
An Adjective is the word that is used to add something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
e.g. (i) He is a nice boy.
(ii) She was a talkative girl.
Kinds of Adjective विशेषण के प्रकार
Adjectives t मुख्यतः निम्नलिखित 6 भागों में बाँटा गया है :
1. Adjectives of Quality गुणवाचक विशेषण
An adjective of quality describes the quality of the noun or pronoun. It answers the question of ‘what kind?’
e.g. (i) He is an intelligent student.
(ii) Shalu is a very young actress.
2. Proper Adjective व्यक्तिवाचक विशेषण
A proper adjective is an adjective that is formed using a proper noun (generally names of places). The first letter of a proper adjective is always capitalised. Indian, Japanese, Chinese, French, American, Pakistani आदि।
e.g. (i) I love Indian food.
(ii) Japanese is a tough language.
3. Adjective of Quantity परिमाणवाचक विशेषण
An adjective of quantity specifies the amount of a noun or pronoun. It is generally used with uncountable nouns. It answers the question ‘how much? some, enough, whole, any, little, no, all, much आदि।
e.g. (i) They have little sugar.
(ii) An apple is enough for me.
4. Adjective of Number or Numeral Adjective संख्यावाचक विशेषण
An adjective of number tells how many persons or things are being referred to. It is used with countable nouns. It answers the question ‘how many?’ जैसे two, double, fifth आदि।
e.g. (i) He got two awards.
(ii) I have three wounds on my body.
5. Demonstrative Adjective संकेतवाचक विशेषण
A demonstrative adjective is used to point out a person or thing. It answers the question ‘which?’ जैसे this, that, these, those, such आदि।
e.g. (i) These books are helpful.
(ii) Those boys are not good.
6. Distributive Adjective विभागसूचक विशेषण
A distributive adjective is used to individually point out a person or thing of a group. It comes before a noun it modifies. जैसे each, either, every, neither आदि।
e.g. (i) Each man has a mobile.
(ii) I sold every book that I had with me.
Degrees of Comparison of Adjective विशेषण की तुलनात्मक अवस्थाएँ
Adjectives are not only used to describe a noun but also to make a comparison between two or more nouns. When we use an adjective to compare the qualities of two or more nouns, we use degrees of comparison.
e.g. (i) Shanu is a clever person.
(ii) Shanu is cleverer than Monu.
(iii) Shanu is the cleverest in the class.
Degrees of comparison निम्नलिखित तीन प्रकार की होती हैं :
1. Positive Degree मूल अवस्था
The simple form of the adjective is called the positive degree.
e.g. good, rich, tall, young, etc. It does not make any comparison.
e.g. (i) Raju is a bad boy. (ii) She is a lovely girl.
2. Comparative Degree उच्चतर अवस्था
A comparative degree of an adjective is used to compare the quality of two nouns.
e.g. better, richer, taller, younger, etc.
We always use the word ‘than’ to show the comparison.
e.g. (i) Raju is worse than Gaurav. (ii) She is lovelier than Preeti.
3. Superlative Degree उत्तम अवस्था
A superlative degree of an adjective is used to compare the quality of more than two nouns.
e.g. best, richest, tallest, youngest, etc.
e.g. (i) Raju is the worst boy in the team.
(ii) She is the loveliest girl in the class.
Note: ‘The’ is used before superlative degree.
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable adjective.
1. He bought a ……… suit.
(a) woolen British
(b) British woolen
(c) fabulous woolen
(d) woolen fabulous
2. We ate …. apples.
(a) green English round some
(b) some green English round
(c) some round green English
(d) some English green round
3. He visits us ……… three days.
(a) every
(b) each
(c) all
(d) Both (a) and (c)
4. If a student wants to know every new thing, he is…….
(a) intelligent
(b) careful
(c) cautious
(d) curious
5. If you do not want anything more. You are ………
(a) satisfactory
(b) satisfying
(c) dissatisfied
(d) satisfied
6. Suddenly, a ……… storm arose in the sea.
(a) violent
(b) irate
(c) vigilant
(d) calm
7. If you want something more, you are ………
(a) dissatisfactory
(b) dissatisfying
(c) dissatisfied
(d) dissatisfaction
8. People who watch and listen to speech are called
(a) listeners
(b) hearers
(c) watchers
(d) audience
II. Identify the adjective in the given sentences.
1. The Ganga is a holy river.
(a) river
(b) a
(c) holy
(d) is
2. The young boy ran away.
(a) the
(b) ran
(c) young
(d) away
3. The boy helped the blind man.
(a) the
(b) helped
(c) blind.
(d) boy
4. The Chambal is the longest river in Rajasthan.
(a) longest
(b) Chambal
(c) river
(d) Rajasthan
5. Mr. Shukla is senior to Mr. Sharma.
(a) Mr. Shukla
(b) senior
(c) Mr. Sharma
(d) is
6. A kind man greeted them.
(a) kind
(b) man
(c) greeted
(d) them
7. An intelligent girl solved the problem.
(a) solved
(b) problem
(c) intelligent
(d) girl
8. Rajesh is an intelligent boy.
(a) boy
(b) is
(c) Rajesh
(d) intelligent
9. A very beautiful temple is being built in Ayodhya.
(a) very
(b) temple
(c) beautiful
(d) is being built
III. Identify the correct option to fill the blank.
1. The adjective form of ‘glory’ is …….
(a) glorify
(b) glorious
(c) gloriant
(d) glories
2. He bought a beautiful dress.
Identify the word ‘beautiful’.
(a) Verb
(b) Preposition
(c) Conjunction
(d) Adjective
3. Identify the correct part of the speech of the underlined word.
After skipping dinner, I was hungry.
(a) Adverb
(b) Adjective
(c) Preposition
(d) Interjection
4. Identify the correct part of the speech of the underlined word.
I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
(a) Noun
(b) Adjective
(c) Preposition
(d) Verb
5. Identify the correct part of the speech of the underlined word.
Mohan is the cleverest of all the boys in the class.
(a) Adverb
(b) Adjective
(c) Verb
(d) Article
Answers
I. 1. (b) British woolen
2. (c) some round green English
3. (a) every
4. (d) curious
5. (d) satisfied
6. (a) violent
7. (c) dissatisfied
8. (d) audience
II. 1. (c) holy
2. (c) young
3. (c) blind
4. (a) longest
5. (b) senior
6. (a) kind
7. (c) intelligent
8. (d) intelligent
9. (c) beautiful
III. 1. (b) glorious
2. (d) Adjective
3. (b) Adjective
4. (b) Adjective
5. (b) Adjective
Verb
Verbs are those words that denote an action or a state of being.
Verbs ऐसे शब्द हैं, जो काम के होने या किसी अवस्था का बोध कराते हैं।
• Main verbs are primary verbs in a sentence. It describes an action performed by the subject in the sentence.
एक Main verb, Transitive या Intransitive हो सकती है।
• वे Main verbs जिनका अपना object होता है, उन्हे Transitive verb कहते हैं।
जैसे- He eats a mango. You like reading books.
• वे Main verbs जिनका अपना कोई object नहीं होता है, उन्हें Intransitive verb कहते हैं।
जैसे- She sleeps. Mohan laughs.
• Auxiliary या Helping verbs वे हैं, जो Main verbs sentence के अर्थ को पूरा करने में Help कहते हैं जैसे- is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did आदि। इन्हें Primary helping verb भी कहते हैं।
• Modals भी Helping verbs की तरह ही प्रयुक्त किए जाते हैं; जैसे-can, may, must, should, would, could, might, ought to, dare, need आदि।
Verbs की Forms
Main or Principal verbs की मुख्य forms निम्न हैं
1. Present form
2. Past form
3. Participle form
Verbs की Forms के प्रयोग
1. Present Form (Verb Ist Form)
- Habit (आदत) को बताने हेतु
- Truth (सत्यता) को बताने हेतु
- Routine (दिनचर्या) को बताने हेतु
- Do/Does / Did एवं Modals के साथ
2. Past Form (Verb lind Form)
Verb lInd form का प्रयोग Past में समाप्त हुई किसी घटना को बताने हेतु किया जाता है।
3. Participle Form (Verb IIIrd Form)
- Verb lllrd form का प्रयोग Participle के तौर पर has/have तथा had के साथ होता है।
- Verb Illrd form का प्रयोग Verbal adjective के तौर पर भी किया जाता है।
- Passive Voice के वाक्यों में भी Verb lIlrd form का प्रयोग होता है।
Uses of Modals
English grammar मुख्य रूप से निम्नलिखित Modals use होते हैं
| can, could, may, might, would, should, must, need, ought to, used to, etc. |
- Can का प्रयोग permission, ability, capability, strength एवं power को दिखाने हेतु करते हैं।
- Could का प्रयोग can के Past equivalent के रूप में तथा polite request हेतु होता है।
- May का प्रयोग permission, possibility, wish तथा probability दिखाने हेतु करते हैं।
- Might का प्रयोग may के Past equivalent के रूप में तथा remote possibility को दर्शाने हेतु किया जाता है।
- Would का प्रयोग polite request, Past habit, possibility दर्शाने हेतु करते हैं।
- Should का प्रयोग suggestion, advice, duty 54 moral obligation प्रदर्शित करने हेतु किया जाता है।
- Must का प्रयोग prohibition (निषेध), assumption (कल्पना), conclusion (निष्कर्ष), necessity (जरुरत), obligation (बाध्यता), compulsion ( मजबूरी), आदि प्रदर्शित करने हेतु किया जाता है।
- Need का प्रयोग negative एवं interrogative sentences में necessity, compulsion तथा scarcity को दर्शाने हेतु होता है।
- Ought to का प्रयोग should की भाँति ही होता है। सामान्यतः इसका प्रयोग नैतिकता के लिए किया जाता है।
- Used to का प्रयोग Past में किसी habit को दर्शाने हेतु करते हैं।
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blank with the appropriate verb.
1. More than one man ……. burnt.
(a) is being
(b) was
(c) were
(d) are being
2. We …….. to visit the museum.
(a) will like
(b) like
(c) would like
(d) Both (b) and (c)
3. I …….. you how to operate it.
(a) shall show
(b) show
(c) showed
(d) shown
4. As he ……. not satisfied with the answers, he the lesson tomorrow.
(a) is, will repeat
(b) was, would repeat
(c) is, repeated
(d) was, shall repeat
5. Either of us …….. done his work.
(a) have
(b) has
(c) had
(d) will have
6. She will …….. you a new pair of jeans on your birthday.
(a) got
(b) gotten
(c) get
(d) getting
7. I have been ….. to bake a perfect cake since morning.
(a) tries
(b) try
(c) trying
(d) tried
8. Yash …….. the ball very far and the ball went across the road.
(a) throw
(b) thrown
(c) throws
(d) threw
9. He was ……… by a snake.
(a) bitten
(b) bite
(c) biting
(d) bit
10. If you work hard, you …… pass.
(a) would
(b) will
(c) could
(d) might
II. Identify the verb from the following sentences.
1. The news left me worried.
(a) worried
(b) left
(c) news
(d) the
2. Ramu was very laborious.
(a) laborious
(b) Ramu
(c) was
(d) very
3. My friend is a hard working man.
(a) working
(b) is
(c) hard
(d) man
4. I Would like to visit the zoo.
(a) to visit
(b) like, visit
(c) would like
(d) the zoo
5. Who built the Red Fort?
(a) built
(b) red Fort
(c) the
(d) who
6. He is a worried man.
(a) he
(b) is
(c) worried
(d) man
7. They fought for their nation.
(a) they
(b) their
(c) fought
(d) nation.
8. She lives in Mumbai for her studies.
(a) studies
(b) her
(c) lives
(d) Mumbai
9. The sky grew dark.
(a) dark
(b) sky
(c) the
(d) grew
10. He spent a lot of money on purchasing costly clothes. (Identify the word ‘spent’)
(a) Noun
(b) Pronoun
(c) Verb
(d) Adverb
III. Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb.
1. It ……. not rain yesterday.
(a) was
(b) did
(c) had
(d) would
2. They ……. come to India after five years.
(a) was
(b) have
(c) has
(d) am
3. I …….. watching the match.
(a) am
(b) is
(c) has
(d) are
4. The bus …… boarded by me at 8: 30 p.m. tonight.
(a) will be
(b) have
(c) has
(d) were
5. The children ……. painting a picture.
(a) are
(b) were
(c) is
(d) an
6. He …….. been living in Delhi for two years.
(a) have
(b) will
(c) has
(d) had
7. Unless he begs my pardon, I …… not excuse him.
(a) must
(b) could
(c) will
(d) might
Answers
I. 1. (b) was
2. (d) Both (b) and (c)
3. (a) shall show
4. (a) is, will repeat
5. (b) has
6. (c) get
7. (c) trying
8. (d) threw
9. (a) bitten
10. (b) will
II. 1. (b) left
2. (c) was
3. (b) is
4. (c) would like
5. (a) built
6. (b) is
7. (c) fought
8. (c) lives
9. (d) grew
10. (c) Verb
III. 1. (b) did
2. (b) have
3. (a) am
4. (a) will be
5. (a) are
6. (c) has
7. (c) will
The Adverb
An adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb or an adjective or another adverb. It tells something about the action in a sentence by modifying a verb, an adjective or an adverb. जैसे just, now. fast, very, more, truly, surely, fortunately, gently आदि।
Adverb, noun, pronoun और interjection को छोड़कर अन्य सभी Parts of speech (adjective, verb, adverb, preposition तथा conjunction) की विशेषता प्रकट करता है।
e.g. (1) She speaks English fluently.
(ii) He is very sad.
Kinds of Adverb क्रिया-विशेषण के प्रकार
1. Adverb of Time (समयसूचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
An adverb of time tells us when or at what time an action takes place. इसके अन्तर्गत already, yesterday, last year, tomorrow, soon, now, early. after, before आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (1) He went there yesterday.
(ii) Hema comes late.
2. Adverb of Place (स्थानसूचक क्रिया-विशेषण)
An adverb of place tells us where or at what place an action takes place. इसके अन्तर्गत here, there, everywhere, hither, thither, within, somewhere. up, down, in, out, away आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (1) God is everywhere.
(ii) Rishabh, come here.
3. Adverb of Manner ( रीतिबोधक क्रिया-विशेषण)
Adverb of manner tells us how or in what manner an action is performed. इसके अन्तर्गत hard, bravely, well, fast, soundly, sincerely, sweetly, clearly आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) He works sincerely.
(ii) She runs fast.
4. Adverb of Degree or Quantity (गुणबोधक क्रिया-विशेषण)
An adverb of degree tells us the extent or intensity of the action taking place. इसके अन्तर्गत almost, much more, too, very आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) He is very upset.
(ii) She is braver than you.
5. Adverb of Number or Frequency(संख्यावाचक क्रिया-विशेषण))
An adverb of frequency tells us how often an action takes place. इसके अन्तर्गत once, twice, never, seldom, often, frequently, again, secondly आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) Bangladesh lost the match again.
(ii) I never come late.
6. Interrogative Adverbs (प्रश्नवाचक क्रिया – विशेषण )
An interrogative adverb is used to ask a question. इसके अन्तर्गत Why when, where, how, how much, how many आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) Where were you last night?
(ii) Why are you leaving so early?
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blank with the appropriate adverb.
1. She ……. knows anything about the family.
(a) seldom
(b) hardly
(c) never
(d) remarkably
2. You have …….. been working too hard.
(a) ever
(b) probably
(c) definitely
(d) Both (b) and (c)
3. My brother is ……. healthy.
(a) so
(b) most
(c) very
(d) much
4. They watched the show ……..
(a) closely
(b) rarely
(c) apparently
(d) easily
5. I was ………. impressed with her singing
(a) very
(b) mostly
(c) happily
(d) obviously
II. Identify the type of adverb present in the given sentence.
1. He usually goes to movie every Friday.
(a) Adverb of frequency
(b) Adverb of time
(c) Adverb of degree
(d) Adverb of manner
2. She briefly narrated the incident to me.
(a) Adverb of frequency
(b) Adverb of affirmation
(c) Adverb of degree
(d) Adverb of manner
3. Sally walked out.
(a) Adverb of place
(b) Adverb of manner
(c) Adverb of affirmation
(d) Adverb of degree
4. I read the newspaper thoroughly.
(a) Adverb of place
(b) Adverb of affirmation
(c) Adverb of degree
(d) Adverb of frequency
5. Children are playing near the house.
(a) Adverb of frequency
(b) Adverb of place
(c) Adverb of degree
(d) Adverb of manner
Answers
I. 1. (b) hardly
2. (c) probably
3. (c) very
4. (b) rarely
5. (a) very
II. 1. (a) Adverb of frequency
2. (d) Adverb of manner
3. (a) Adverb of place
4. (c) Adverb of degree
5. (b) Adverb of place
Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relation between the noun or a pronoun and some other word in a sentence.
e.g. Vijay is sitting on the table.
He does not depend upon his father.
ऊपर के sentences में underlined words ही preposition हैं।
Preposition के प्रकार
- Preposition of Time in, at, on, for, since, etc.
- Preposition of Movement in, into, out of, etc.
- Preposition of Position below, under, beyond, across, etc.
- Preposition of Place in, at, on, etc.
- Phrasal preposition in addition to, etc.
Prepositions के प्रयोग
- In किसी वस्तु के नियत स्थान को दूसरी वस्तु के अन्दर दिखाने के लिए, period of time के लिए एवं कुछ निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे- believe, fail, master, adopt आदि के लिए।
- On किसी वस्तु के नियत स्थान को दूसरी वस्तु के ऊपर दिखाने के लिए, दिन व तारीख बताने हेतु, निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे-rely, call, depend, insist, congratulate, shame आदि हेतु ।
- At वस्तु की exact position दिखाने के लिए, rate बताने के लिए, point of time at fag, look, laugh, aim, knock, arrive, good, slow आदि के लिए।
- Into का प्रयोग बाहर से अन्दर की ओर किसी वस्तु के आने पर किया जाता है।
- From Change of place को दिखाने हेतु, forms में हुए परिवर्तन को दिखाने ; excluded, made, escaped, parted, differ आदि के साथ।
- For Period of time को दिखाने हेतु, reciprocation दिखाने हेतु, निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे- start, wish, look, hope, care, call आदि के साथ ।
- Of अधिकार दिखाने, राय बताने, बीमारी से मृत्यु होने का सन्दर्भ दिखाने तथा निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे- dream, die, boast, consist, fond, made आदि के साथ।
- To Change of place को बताने के लिए, comparative degree के adjective जैसे— superior, junior आदि के साथ, निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे – agree, attend, contribute, belong आदि के साथ।
- Over किसी ऊँची चीज की अवस्था बताने के लिए जो स्पर्श में न हो, निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे – command, influence, control, dispute आदि के साथ।
- About Opinion बताने हेतु, information के लिए, निकट भविष्य में होने वाले काम की सम्भावना हेतु निश्चित शब्दों; जैसे- anxious, curious, complain, information आदि के साथ। इनके प्रयोग का अभ्यास सतत रूप से करें, ताकि आपको prepositions के चयन में कठिनाई न हो ।
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of preposition.
1. He looks upset, I think he took the criticism ……. heart.
(a) to
(b) about
(c) in
(d) of
2. I am envious ….. them.
(a) of
(b) about
(c) in
(d) on
3. He confided ……… me.
(a) about
(b) in
(c) on
(d) of
4. They decided ………. the grey sofa.
(a) about
(b) on
(c) in
(d) of
5. It has been raining ……… morning.
(a) from
(b) since
(c) for
(d) by
6. He is eager ……… know his result.
(a) about
(b) into
(c) to
(d) of
7. What is time ………. your watch?
(a) in
(b) at
(c) on
(d) by
8. Seeta is taking rest ……. a tall tree.
(a) under
(b) in
(c) about
(d) within
9. He is suffering …….. fever.
(a) in
(b) at
(c) from
(d) with
10. My shoes are made ……… leather.
(a) from
(b) by
(c) of
(d) on
II. Choose the correct preposition from the given options to fill up the blank.
1. It differs …….. their last suggestion.
(a) about
(b) in
(c) of
(d) from
2. She put the pen …….. her pocket.
(a) in
(b) into
(c) at
(d) on
3. He has no desire ……. fame.
(a) of
(b) for
(c) to
(d) at
4. Fruits were distributed …….. those five boys.
(a) in
(b) into
(c) between
(d) among
5. I am proud …….. my son.
(a) to
(b) of
(c) with
(d) from
6. The teacher pointed …….. the mistake and Skheela corrected it.
(a) upon
(b) off
(c) too
(d) out
7. Meera looks …….. her parents very well.
(a) up
(b) in
(c) down
(d) after
8. He had to repent ……. what he had done.
(a) at
(b) over
(c) of
(d) for
9. This young man is true …….. his word.
(a) of
(b) for
(c) at
(d) to
10. He prevented me …….. going to the city.
(a) of
(b) for
(c) from
(d) on
11. Boys were jumping ……… the pond.
(a) in
(b) between
(c) upon
(d) into
12. Ankit is worried …….. his failure.
(a) in
(b) off
(c) into
(d) about
13. Mohan is taking rest ……. a tall tree.
(a) under
(b) in
(c) about
(d) within
14. She jumped …….. the well to save her child.
(a) in
(b) into
(c) on
(d) upon
15. He slept …… a green tree.
(a) under
(b) about
(c) in
(d) within
16. We are proud …….. our culture.
(a) in
(b) of
(c) from
(d) to
17. I am proud …….. my students.
(a) at
(b) for
(c) of
(d) to
Answers
I. 1. (a) to
2. (a) of
3. (b) in
4. (b) on
5. (b) since
6. (c) to
7. (d) by
8. (a) under
9. (c) from
10. (c) of
II. 1. (d) from
2. (b) into
3. (b) for
4. (d) among
5. (b) of
6. (d) out
7. (d) after
8. (d) for
9. (d) to
10. (c) from
11. (d) into
12. (d) about
13. (a) under
14. (b) into
15. (a) under
16. (b) of
17. (c) of
Conjunction and Interjection
Conjunction संयोजक
A conjunction is a word that is used to join words or group of words or sentences.
जैसे- and, but, after, or, unless, otherwise, while, because, whereas, as well as, yet, still आदि ।
e.g. (i) Sita and Geeta are sisters. (ii) I help him because he is poor.
Kinds of Conjunction संयोजक के प्रकार
Conjunction दो प्रकार के होते हैं
1. Coordinating conjunction (समानपदीय संयोजक)
2. Subordinating conjunction (आश्रित संयोजक)
1. Coordinating Conjunction समानपदीय संयोजक
Coordinating Conjunctions are used to join two independent but related clauses or sentences of equal importance.
इसके अंतर्गत or, for, but, so, otherwise, while, whereas, as well as आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) Come on time or leave the job.
(ii) He worked hard but she did not appreciate him.
2. Subordinating आश्रित संयोजक
Subordinating Conjunctions are words that are used to join two clauses, one of which is dependent on the other.
इसके अन्तर्गत if, before, since, because, after, so that आदि शब्द आते हैं।
e.g. (i) The school will be closed if it rains.
(ii) He became angry because she ignored him.
Interjection विस्मयादिबोधक
The words which are used to express strong emotions are called interjections. These words always end with exclamation marks.
e.g. (i) Hurrah! I got Ist division in my IXth class.
(ii) Ah! I have lost my watch.
Interjection का वाक्य के साथ कोई Grammatical relation नहीं होता तथा इनके प्रयोग के लिए कोई विशेष नियम नहीं हैं। इन शब्दों के अन्त में Exclamatory mark (!) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blank with the appropriate form of conjunction.
1. We were late for the show ……… we didn’t take a taxi.
(a) but
(b) and
(c) or
(d) then
2. They visited an art gallery ………. a museum.
(a) therefore
(b) but
(c) so
(d) and
3. He can’t walk …… he fell off the chair …….. hurt his foot, …….. he has a lot of time to read.
(a) and, because, so
(b) because, and, so
(c) so, and, because
(d) so, because, and
4. Last Sunday was my mum’s birthday …….. I wanted to buy a present for her.
(a) so
(b) or
(c) but
(d) because
5. No sooner had he entered the room ……… he went out.
(a) but
(b) than
(c) if
(d) and
6. Complete the following sentence.
I will not go to his party ………. he invites me.
(a) until
(b) if
(c) unless
(d) but
7. Certain serious diseases can be successfully treated …….. detected in an initial stage.
(a) unless
(b) if
(c) even when
(d) after
8. I like Carolina ……… she is very friendly.
(a) but
(b) so
(c) because
(d) or
9. I went to the shopping centre …….. the shops were closed.
(a) or
(b) because
(c) but
(d) so
10. Take the umbrella …… it is raining outside.
(a) because
(b) and
(c) but
(d) so
11. ……… Raktim or Sandip will receive you.
(a) But
(b) Either
(c) And
(d) So that
12. Mr. Banerjee is rich ……… he does not help others.
(a) so
(b) and
(c) but
(d) unless
II. Choose the most suitable interjection to complete the sentences.
1. ….. I hear someone whispering my name.
(a) Ah!
(b) Oh!
(c) Hush!
(d) Wow!
2. ……. This feels amazing.
(a) Bah!
(b) Phew!
(c) Yeah!
(d) Ahh!
3. …….. I have passed the exam.
(a) Hurrah!
(b) Ahh!
(c) Wow!
(d) Hey!
4. …….. I don’t like this vegetable.
(a) Uh!
(b) Oh!
(c) Ugh!
(d) Whew!
5. ……… That’s really great news.
(a) Hey!
(b) Ah!
(c) Yay!
(d) Wow!
Answers
I. 1. (a) but
2. (d) and
3. (b) because, and, so
4. (a) so
5. (b) than
6. (a) until
7. (b) if
8. (c) because
9. (c) but
10. (a) because
11. (b) Either
12. (c) but
II. 1. (c) Hush!
2. (d) Ahh!
3. (a) Hurrah!
4. (a) Uh!
5. (d) Wow!