UP Board Class 10 English Chapter 6 – The Making of a Scientist (Supplementary Reader)

The story introduces Richard H. Ebright, who made significant contributions to the scientific community. At the young age of twenty-two, Ebright, along with his college roommate, gained attention in the scientific world by presenting a groundbreaking theory. Ebright and his friend’s article was published in the scientific journal ‘Proceedings of the National Academy of Science’.

Ebright’s journey into the world of science traces back to his childhood in Reading, Pennsylvania, where he developed a keen interest in collecting various objects, such as rocks, fossils, coins and particularly butterflies. He also took interest in the science of astronomy and loved to gaze at the stars all night.

Richard lost his father when he was in third grade. His mother encouraged his interest in learning. She took him on trips and bought him telescopes, microscopes, cameras, mounting materials and many other equipments.

Richard was in second grade, he had collected 25 species of butterflies found around his hometown. His mother gifted him the book ‘The Travels of Monarch X.’ From where he found an invitation for studying the migration of butterflies.

Readers were told to tag butterflies for research by Dr. Frederick A Urquhart of University of Toronto, Canada. Soon, Richard started tagging monarch butterflies. He would raise a stock of butterflies, catch a female monarch and take her eggs. Then, he would tag their wings and free them. However, he started losing interest in butterflies soon.

Richard realised what real science was when he was in seventh grade. He had not won any award in the science fair however he realised the importance of conducting real experiments. With guidance from Dr. Urquhart, he conducted various experiments throughout high school.

When Richard was in eighth grade, he had taken the project wherein he had tried to find the cause of a viral disease that kills monarch caterpillars. This project won him a prize in the country fair. Richard’s next project was testing the theory that viceroy butterflies copy monarch butterflies. This project was placed first in the zoology division and third in overall county science fair.

In his second year of high school, Richard discovered an unknown hormone. Richard along with another science student built a device which showed that the twelve tiny gold spots on monarch’s pupa were producing a hormone necessary for the butterfly’s full development. This project won Richard first place in country science fair.

He also got entry into the International Science and Engineering Fair. There, he won third place for zoology and also got a chance to work at the entomology laboratory of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research during summer. When Richard was a high school junior, he continued his advanced research on the monarch’s pupa. Later in his senior year, he grew cells from monarch’s wing in a culture. Richard joined Harvard University after summer. In his junior year, he got the idea of his new theory about cell life while looking at the X-ray photos of chemical structure of a hormone.

कहानी रिचर्ड एच. ब्राइट का परिचय प्रस्तुत करती है, जिन्होंने वैज्ञानिक समुदाय में महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया । बाईस वर्ष की छोटी आयु में ब्राइट ने अपने कॉलेज के कमरे में साथ रहने वाले साथी के साथ एक अभूतपूर्व सिद्धान्त प्रस्तुत करके वैज्ञानिक दुनिया का ध्यान आकर्षित किया। एब्राइट और उनके मित्र का लेख वैज्ञानिक पत्रिका ‘प्रोसीडिंग्स ऑफ द नेशनल एकेडमी ऑफ साइन्स’ में प्रकाशित हुआ था।

विज्ञान की दुनिया में एब्राइट की यात्रा रीडिंग, पेंसिल्वेनिया में उनके बचपन से शुरू होती है, जहाँ उन्होंने विभिन्न वस्तुओं जैसे चट्टानें, जीवाश्म, सिक्के और विशेष रूप से तितलियाँ जैसी चीजें इकट्ठा करने में रुचि विकसित की। वह खगोल विज्ञान में भी रुचि रखते थे और पूरी रात तारों को देखना पसन्द करते थे,

जब रिचर्ड तीसरी कक्षा में थे, तब उनके पिता की मृत्यु हो गई थी। उनकी माँ ने सीखने में उनकी रुचि को प्रोत्साहित किया। वह रिचर्ड को यात्राओं पर ले जाती और उनके लिए दूरबीन, सूक्ष्मदर्शी, कैमरा, पवर्तारोहण की सामग्री तथा अन्य कई उपकरण खरीदे।

जब वह दूसरी कक्षा में थे, तो उन्होंने अपने गृहनगर के आस-पास मिलने वाली तितलियों की 25 प्रजातियों को इकट्ठा किया था। उनकी माँ ने उन्हें ‘द ट्रेवल्स ऑफ मोनार्क एक्स’ नामक पुस्तक उपहार में दी । जहाँ से उन्हें तितलियों के प्रवासन का अध्ययन करने का एक निमन्त्रण मिला ।

टोरण्टो विश्वविद्यालय, कनाडा के डॉ. फ्रेडरिक ए. उर्कहार्ट ने पाठकों को शोध के लिए तितलियों को चिह्नित करने के लिए कहा था। जल्द ही, रिचर्ड ने मोनार्क तितलियों को चिह्नित करना शुरू कर दिया। रिर्चड तितलियों के झुण्ड का.. पालन करते, एक मादा मोनार्क को पकड़ते और उसके अण्डे लेते। फिर वह उनके पंखों को चिह्नित करते और उन्हें मुक्त कर देते। हालाँकि जल्द ही उनकी तितलियों में रुचि कम होने लगी, जब रिचर्ड सातवीं कक्षा में था, तब उसे अहसास हुआ कि वास्तविक विज्ञान क्या है?” उन्होंने विज्ञान मेले में कोई पुरस्कार नहीं जीता हालाँकि उन्हें वास्तविक प्रयोग करने के महत्त्व का अहसास हुआ। डॉ. उर्कहार्ट के मार्गदर्शन से उन्होंनें उच्च विद्यालय में विभिन्न प्रयोग किए।

जब रिचर्ड आठवीं कक्षा में थे, उन्होंने वह प्रोजेक्ट लिया था, जिसमें एक संक्रामक बीमारी का कारण खोजने की कोशिश की गई थी, जो मोनार्क कैटरपिलर को मार देती है। इस प्रोजेक्ट ने उन्हें विज्ञान मेले में पुरस्कार दिलाया। रिचर्ड का अगला प्रोजेक्ट इस सिद्धान्त का परीक्षण करना था कि वायसराय तितलियाँ मोनार्क तितलियों की नकल करती हैं। इस प्रोजेक्ट को जीव विज्ञान विभाग में प्रथम और समग्र काउण्टी विज्ञान मेले में तीसरा स्थान दिया गया।

उच्च विद्यालय के दूसरे वर्ष में रिचर्ड ने एक अज्ञात हॉर्मोन की खोज की। इस प्रोजेक्ट के द्वारा उनका सुनहरे धब्बों के पीछे का कारण जानना था। रिचर्ड ने एक अन्य विज्ञान के छात्र के साथ मिलकर एक यन्त्र का निर्माण किया, जिससे यह पता चला कि मोनार्क प्यूपा पर बारह नन्हें सुनहरें धब्बे तितली के पूर्ण विकास के लिए आवश्यक हॉर्मोनों का उत्पादन कर रहे थे। इस प्रोजेक्ट ने रिचर्ड को देश के विज्ञान में प्रथम स्थान दिलाया।

उन्हें अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय विज्ञान एवं इंजीनीयरिंग मेले में भी प्रवेश मिला। वहाँ उन्होंने जीव विज्ञान के लिए तीसरा स्थान प्राप्त किया और गर्मियों के दौरान वाल्टर रीड आर्मी इन्स्टीट्यूट ऑफ रिसर्च की एंटोमोलॉजी लेबोरेट्री (कीट विज्ञान प्रयोगशाला ) में कार्य करने का मौका भी मिला। जब रिचर्ड उच्च विद्यालय में जूनियर थे, तब उन्होंने मोनार्क के कोषस्थ कीट पर अपना उन्नत शोध जारी रखा। बाद में अपने आगामी वर्षों में उन्होंने मोनार्क के पंख से कोशिकाएँ विकसित कीं। गर्मियों के बाद रिचर्ड ने हावर्ड विश्वविद्यालय में प्रवेश लिया। अपने पिछले वर्षों में उन्हें एक एक्स-रे की तस्वीर देखते समय कोशिका जीवन के बारे में अपने नए सिद्धान्त का विचार आया था।.

(a) Robert W. Peterson

(b) Richard Ebright

(c) Sinclair Lewis

(d) Ruskin Bond

Ans. (a) Robert W. Peterson

(a) actor

(b) singer

(c) engineer

(d) scientist

Ans. (d) scientist

(a) Northern America

(b) Canada

(c) Central America

(d) Pennsylvania

Ans. (c) Central America

(a) Richard Arkwright

(b) Richard H. Ebright

(c) Dr. Frederick A Urquhart

(d) Richard’s mother

Ans. (c) Dr. Frederick A Urquhart

(a) proceedings of the National Academy of Science

(b) proceedings of the National Academy of Maths

(c) proceedings of the National Academy of Social Studies

(d) None of the above

Ans. (a) proceedings of the National Academy of Science

(a) Cambridge

(b) Harvard

(c) Oxford

(d) London

Ans. (b) Harvard

(a) Japan

(b) Canada

(c) Central America

(d) Pennsylvania, USA

Ans. (d) Pennsylvania, USA

(a) The Travels of Viceroy Butterflies

(b) The Travels of Monarch Butterflies

(c) The Travels of Monarch X

(d) The Habitat of Monarch Butterflies

Ans. (c) The Travels of Monarch X

(a) to save his life

(b) to save others’ life

(c) to prove the reaction

(d) to test his theory

Ans. (c) to prove the reaction

(a) Liverpool

(b) London

(c) Oxford

(d) Reading

Ans. (d) Reading

(a) play football

(b) collect things

(c) swim across

(d) play baseball

Ans. (b) collect things

(a) Rocks

(b) Butterflies

(c) Coins

(d) All of these

Ans. (d) All of these

Ans. Richard managed a rare achievement at the age of twenty-two. He wrote an article with his friend about a theory of how cells work. The article was published in the scientific journal ‘Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.’ It was the first time that this journal had ever published the work of college students.

Ans. Richard grew up North of Reading, Pennsylvania.

Richard was the only child of his parents. He had no company at home to play with. So, he started collecting things in his spare time. He would collect coins, fossils, rocks and butterflies as a hobby. In this way, Richard became a collector at an early age.

Ans. Ebright’s mother gave him a book ‘The Travels of Monarch X. Richard read the whole book. At the last page of the book, readers were invited to help study butterfly migrations.

They were asked to tag butterflies for research by Dr. Frederick A. Urquhart of the University of Toronto, Canada. So, Ebright started attaching a tag to the wings of monarchs because he wanted to study monarch butterflies in Toronto University.

Ans. The butterfly collecting season around Reading lasts six weeks in summer season. Richard Ebright needed flock of butterflies to attach tag on their wings, so he decided to raise a flock of butterflies in the basement of his house. He caught a female monarch, took her eggs, and raised them through their life cycle, from egg, to caterpillar to pupa to adult butterfly. Then, he tagged the butterflies and let them go.

Ans. Richard raised thousands of butterflies, tagged them and released them to study their migration. But soon, he lost interest because only two of his tagged butterflies were recaptured and they had travelled only seventy-five miles.

Ans. Dr. Frederick A. Urquhart was a scientist and teacher at the University of Toronto, Canada. He was doing research on butterfly migrations. Ebright sent him many tagged butterflies for his research work. Richard looked to him for fresh ideas and suggestions because the suggestions sent by Dr. Urquhart helped in shaping Ebright’s career as a scientist.

Ans. Ebirght got a hint of real science when he was in the seventh grade and participated in a country science fair. He did not get any award. His project was to show slides of frog tissue, which he showed under a microscope. He learnt that he had to do some real experiments rather than a simple display of his project.

Ans. In the eighth grade, Richard undertook the project to find the cause of a viral disease that had killed monarch caterpillars. He thought that a beetle might carry the virus so he raised caterpillars in the presence of beetles. He was not able to prove it but still won a prize for it.

Ans. The book ‘The Travels of Monarch X’ became a turning point in Richard Ebright’s life as after reading it, he became interested in studying the migration of butterflies. It opened the world of science for Richard.

Ans. When he did not win anything at a science fair, Ebright learnt an important lesson, that science is not just about display, it is about projects and real experiments.

Ans. Richard Ebright undertook many projects and experiments. His first project was to prove that a beetle carries a viral disease that kills monarch caterpillars.

Then, he tried to prove that viceroy butterflies copy monarchs. Later, he studied the twelve golden spots on the monarch pupa and discovered a new hormone. He also found out how cells read their DNA.

Ans. The three essential qualities that make a scientist are a first-rate mind, the presence of curiosity and the will to do the best and win.

Ans. Richard’s mother played a huge role in making him a great scientist. She would take him on trips to encourage learning. He was a single child. After his father died, his mother made him the focus of her life. She would buy him all kinds of microscopes, telescopes and other equipments. After dinner, she gave him problems to solve. This helped Richard to learn a lot.

She was his only companion for a long time. She always tried to give him work that required no physical labour but those which enhanced his learning skill.

It was his mother who got him the book “The Travels of Monarch X’. This book opened the world of science for Richard. She also wrote to Dr. Urquhart to guide her son. The scientist helped Richard and guided him. Thus, his mother shaped him into an extraordinary scientist.

Ans. Brilliant Student Richard Ebright was a brilliant student. At the age of 22, he with one of his college roommate explained the theory on how cells work in an article in the proceeding of the National Academy of Science. When he was in the kindergarten, he used to collect butterflies. He also collected rocks, fossils and became an eager astronomer.

A Curious Student His mother had also helped him a lot by taking him to trips and she also bought him a telescope, microscope, camera and other equipments and helped him in many other ways. His mother gifted him a book named “The Travels of Monarch X’ which changed his life. He was a curious student and he went to many international and national science fairs and wor it. His curiosity, first rated mind and a will to win f right reasons has helped him to become a scientist.

Ans. Richard Ebright displayed a well-rounded personality from his childhood. His genius was obvious by the time he was in second grade. He not only collected butterflies but also collected rocks, fossils and coins. He had managed to collect all the twenty-five species of butterflies that were found in his hometown and had classified them.

Science was not only his passion. He was an active member of his school’s debating club and Model United Nations Clubs and was also an effective debator and public speaker. He was an enthusiastic canoeist and an all-round outdoor person with a keen interest in photography. Because of his interest and hobbies, it was simple for him to devote time and energy to many other interests. He was a champion, not because of his desire to win but for attempting to do his best. All of these qualities make him a well-rounded personality.