UP Board Class 10 English Chapter 7 – Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration) (Grammar)
UP Board Class 10 English Chapter 7 – Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration) (Grammar)
UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 7 – Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration) (Grammar)
Important Points and Rules
There are two ways to narrate the spoken words of any person. These are
1. Direct Speech (Direct Narration)
2. Indirect Speech (Indirect Narration)
नीचे दिए गए वाक्यों को देखें
Direct He said, “Somebody has helped me.”
Indirect He said that somebody had helped him.
दोनों वाक्य अलग-अलग structure में लिखे गए हैं। पहला वाक्य Direct narration में है, जबकि दूसरा वाक्य Indirect narration में है। वाक्य में यदि कर्ता के शब्दों को बिना परिवर्तन कहा गया हो, तो वाक्य Direct narration में होता है परन्तु यदि कर्ता के शब्दों को अपने शब्दों में रूपान्तरित किया गया हो, तो यह Indirect narration में होता है।
Direct narration के वाक्य में (,) से पूर्व का भाग Reporting Verb तथा (“-“) वाला भाग Reported Speech कहलाता है।
Direct narration को Indirect narration में बदलने के लिए मुख्य परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित हैं।
- “—” को हटाकर Connector से दोनों Speeches को जोड़ना
- Change of Person
- Change of Tense
- Change of Other Parts of Speech
नोट: Change of Person एवं Change of Other Parts of Speech हमेशा किया जाएगा, परन्तु यदि Change of Tense की बात आए, तो यह तभी सम्भव होगा जब Reported verb tense Past Reporting verb tense Present अथवा Future हो, तो Reported Speech के tense में कोई Change नहीं होगा ।
Direct Narration को Indirect Narration में बदलना
वाक्य को Direct से Indirect narration में बदलने के लिए आगे दी जा रही तालिकाओं का ध्यानपूर्वक अध्ययन करें
Table 1: Change of Person f
Person Subjective Case Objective Case Singular Plural Singular Plural Possessive Singular Case Plural First 1 We Me Us My Our Ours Second You You You You Your Your Yours Third He, She It They Him, Her Them It His, Her, Hers, Its Their Theirs
Table 2: Change of Tense for
Direct Narration Verb Ist form + s/es. Do/does +Verb Ist form. Is/am/are Has/have Verb llnd form or did + Verb Ist form. Was/were Was/were Verb Ist form + ing Indirect Narration Verb lind form or did + Verb Ist form Was/were Had Had Verb IIIrd form Had been Had been + Verb Ist form + ing Table 3 Change of Other Parts of Speech Direct Narration Indirect Narration Direct Narration Indirect Narration Now Then Yesterday The previous day This That Can Could These Those May Might Here There Shall Should Today Tonight That day Will Would That night Thus So Tomorrow Last Week The next day The previous week Before/Earlier
Ago
Reporting Verb तथा Reported Speech के बीच लगे (,) comma तथा (“-“) inverted comma को हटाने के नियम
- यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य assertive (affirmative या negative) हो तो, “-” को हटाकर that से दोनों speeches को जोड़ते हैं; जैसे
Direct Ravi said to me, “Mahesh is a teacher.”Indirect Ravi told me that Mahesh was a teacher.
- यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य interrogative हो तो “-” को हटाकर if/whether से वाक्यों को जोड़ते हैं; जैसे
Direct He said to Meena, “Do you believe in ghosts?”Indirect He asked Meena if she believed in ghosts.Direct He said, “Why are you so late today?”Indirect He asked why he was so late that day.
नोट यदि Reported speech का Interrogative वाक्य प्रश्नवाचक शब्द से शुरू होता है, तो वाक्यों को जोडने के लिए if/ whether का नहीं, बल्कि उस प्रश्नवाचक शब्द का ही प्रयोग करते हैं एवं उस शब्द को lower case में लिखा जाता है। (उपरोक्त उदाहरण देखिए )
- यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य imperative हो तो , “-” को हटाकर वाक्यों को to से जोड़ते हैं तथा do not या never से शुरू होने वाले वाक्यों को not to/never to से जोड़ते हैं; जैसे
Direct The teacher said to us, “Stand up on your benches.”Indirect The teacher ordered us to stand up on our benches.Direct The saint said to me, “Do not sit with bad boys.”Indirect The saint advised me not to sit with bad boys.
- यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य Let से शुरू हो तो, “-” को हटाकर that से जोड़ते हैं; जैसे
Direct He said, “Let us think about it.”Indirect He proposed that they should think about it.
- Optative (इच्छासूचक) वाक्यों में, “-” को हटाकर that से जोड़ते हैं; जैसे
Direct He said to me, “May you live long!”Indirect He wished that I might live long..
- Exclamatory sentences (आश्चर्यसूचक वाक्यों) में “-” को हटाकर that लगाते हैं; जैसे
Direct He said, “Hurrah! We have got first division”.Indirect He exclaimed with joy that they had got first division.
Reported Speech के Pronouns को Change करने के नियम
- Reported Speech में आए Ist person के pronouns; जैसे I, my, we, our, us, mine, ours आदि Reporting Verb के subject के person, number और gender के अनुसार बदले जाएँगे; जैसे
Direct Hari said to me, “I am your friend.”Indirect Hari told me that he was my friend.
- Reported Speech में आए IInd person के pronouns; जैसे- you, your, yours, Reporting Verb के Object के person, number और gender के अनुसार बदले जाएँगे; जैसे
Direct You said to me, “You are not well today.”Indirect You told me that I was not well that day.
- Reported Speech में आए IIIrd person के pronouns; जैसे – he, his, him, she, her, hers, they, their, theirs, them, it, its में कोई change नहीं करते। उन्हें ज्यों का त्यों लिखते हैं; जैसे
Direct I said to him, “She is my friend.”Indirect I told him that she was my friend.
नोट यदि Reporting Verb में object न दिया हो, तो IInd person के pronouns को बदलने के लिए नीचे दिए गए examples को ध्यानपूर्वक पढिए ।
Direct I said, “You may go now.”
Indirect I said that he might go then.
Direct He said, “You might buy them for me.”
Indirect He said that I might buy them for him.
Direct She said, “What is your name?”
Indirect She asked what my name was.
नोट यदि Reporting Verb a pronoun 1st person pronoun हो, तो Reporting Verb का object IIIrd person pronoun मान लिया जाए और यदि Reporting Verb का pronoun IIIrd person pronoun हो तो Reporting Verb का object Ist person का pronoun मान लिया जाए।
Reporting Verb में Change के नियम
- यदि say, says या said के बाद कोई object नहीं है, तो उन्हें ज्यों का त्यों रहने देते है; जैसे
Direct He says, “Ram is a good boy.”Indirect He says that Ram is a good boy.Direct She said, “Hari is my brother.”Indirect She said that Hari was her brother.
- Says to का tells और say to का tell हो जाता है; जैसे
Direct He says to me, “Ram is a good boy.”Indirect He tells me that Ram is a good boy.Direct I say to him, “Ram is a good boy.”Indirect I tell him that Ram is a good boy.
- Said to को told में बदल देते हैं; जैसे
Direct She said to me, “Hari is my brother.”Indirect She told me that Hari was her brother.
- यदि Reported Speech का वाक्य interrogative हो तो said / said to को asked में बदल देते हैं; जैसे
Direct Mona said to him, “Is he a king?”Indirect Mona asked him if he was a king.
Imperative Sentence
(i) Direct The teacher said to the boys, “Come here and sit down.”
Indirect Indirect The teacher ordered the boys to go there and sit down.
(ii) Direct Mother said to me, “Get up early in the morning.”
Indirect Mother advised me to get up early in the morning.
(iii) Direct The beggar said, “Please give me ten rupees only.”
Indirect The beggar requested to give him ten rupees only.
(iv) Direct The teacher said to the student, “Do not waste your time.”
Indirect The teacher forbade the student to waste his time.
Or The teacher advised the student not to waste his time. “
Let वाले वाक्यों का Indirect Narration
(i) Direct They said, “Let us go to the zoo.”
Indirect They suggested that they should go to the zoo.
(ii) Direct I said to him, “Let me do my work first.”
Indirect I asked him to allow me do my work first.
Exclamatory Sentences का Indirect Narration
Reported Speech में आए exclamatory words के लिए Reporting Verb में आए said को निम्न प्रकार से change करते हैं
Hurrah! → exclaimed with joy
Alas! → exclaimed with sorrow
Bravo! → applauded
How! → exclaimed with surprise
Examples
(i) Direct She said, “Alas! We are ruined.”
Indirect She exclaimed with sorrow that they were ruined.
(ii) Direct Hari said, “How high the tower is!”
Indirect Hari exclaimed with surprise that the tower was very high.
(iii) Direct The captain said, “Bravo! You have fought well.”
Indirect The captain applauded the soldiers saying that they had fought well.
Optative Sentences का Indirect Narration
(i) Direct She said to me, “May you prosper in your life!”
Indirect She wished that I might prosper in my life.
(ii) Direct He said to me, “Good evening, see you tomorrow.”
Indirect He wished me good evening and said that he would see me the next day.
Practice QUESTIONS
I. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. He said to me, “Do you play hockey?”
2. I said to her, “Are you leaving tonight?”
3. He said to his friend, “Will you lend me fifty rupees?”
4. He said to us, “Why are you sitting idle?”
5. He said, “I shall do my best tomorrow.”
6. Mohan said to Seema, “Please help me.”
7. Ram said to his friend, “Where are you going?”
8. The teacher said to me, “Your duty is to take care of your parents.”
9. My father said to me, “Do you want to continue your studies?”
10. The teacher said to me, “Where are you going?”
11. My friend said to me, “Please give me your book for three days.”
12. Rekha said to me, “Behave properly.”
13. He said to me, “Please help me.”
14. “Do you know the way to the station?” I said to Ankit.
15. Rashmi said to the stranger, “What is your name and where do you live?”
16. The mother said to her son, “Why are you not paying attention to your books these days?”
17. “Is this the way to the new Parliament Building?” a. motorist asked the policeman.
18. Rakesh said to Meera, “Have you completed your work?”
II. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. Sheela said to Rohit, “Do you want to continue your studies?”
2. The teacher said to me, “Why are you not doing your work?”
3. My brother said to me, “Where are you going?”
4. “Did you lock the front door?” My mother asked me.
5. She said to me, “Will you go there?”
6. My friend said to me, “Love is blind.”
7. He said to me, “Are you writing a letter?”
8. The boys said, “Will the teacher not teach us today?”
9. The principal said, “Boys, stand up.”
10. My father said to me, “Don’t waste your time in idle gossip.”
11. Kanak said to him, “Will the teacher not teach us today?”
12. My uncle said to me, “Do not waste your time in idle gossip.”
13. The teacher said to the Principal, “Please, grant me leave for two days only.”
14. He said to me, “Will you help me today?”
15. The teacher said to the students, “Why are you not doing your homework?”
16. They said to him, “The servant will not go to market.”
17. The Principal said to Ramu, “Get out of the room.”
18. Rita said to her father, “She will not go to school.”
III. Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. She said to me, “Do you have a car?”
2. She said, “Do they play chess?”
3. Rahim said, “Who are they?” “
4. “May you live long, my son, said my mother.
5. “This book is full of errors,”shouted Mr. Janardhan.
6. The thief said to the judge, “Please pardon me, Sir.”
7. The priest said to her, “May God help you!”
8. The stranger said, “Good Heavens! What do I see before me!”
9. Rekha said to me, “Behave properly.”
10. Mohan said to me, “Have you written a letter?”
Answers
I. 1. He asked me if I played hockey.
2. I asked her if she was leaving that night.
3. He asked his friend if he would lend him fifty rupees.
4. He asked us why we were sitting idle.
5. He told that he would/should do his best the next day.
6. Mohan requested Seema to help him.
7. Ram enquired from his friend where he was going.
8. The teacher told me that it was my duty to take care of my parents.
9. My father asked me if I wanted to continue my studies.
10. The teacher asked me where I was going.
11. My friend requested me to give him my book for three days.
12. Rekha told me to behave properly.
13. He requested me to help him.
14. I asked Ankit if he knew the way to the station.
15. Rashmi asked the stranger what his name was and where he lived.
16. The mother asked her son why he was not paying attention to his books those days.
17. A motorist asked the policeman if that was the way to the new Parliament Building.
18. Rakesh asked Meera if she had completed her work.
II. 1. Sheela asked Rohit if he wanted to continue his studies.
2. The teacher asked me why was I not doing my work.
3. My brother asked me where I was going.
4. My mother asked me if I had locked the front door.
5. She asked me if I would go there.
6. My friend told me that love is blind.
7. He asked me if I was writing a letter.
8. The boys enquired whether the teacher would not teach them that day.
9. The principal ordered the boys to stand up.
10. My father asked me not to waste my time in idle gossip.
11. Kanak asked him if the teacher would not teach them that day.
12. My uncle asked me not to waste my time in idle gossip.
13. The teacher requested the Principal to grant him leave for two days only.
14. He asked me whether I would help him that day.
15. The teacher asked the students why they were not doing their homework.
16. They told him that the servant would not go to market.
17. The Principal ordered Ramu to get out of the room.
18. Rita told her father that she would not go to school.
III. 1. She asked me if I had a car.
2. She asked me if they played chess.
3. Rahim asked who they were.
4. My mother wished me that I might live long.
5. Mr. Janardhan shouted that, that book was full of errors.
6. The thief respectfully requested the judge to pardon him.
7. The priest blessed her that God might help her.
8. The stranger exclaimed with surprise what he saw before him.
9. Rekha ordered me to behave properly.
10. Mohan asked me if I had written a letter.