RBSE Class 10 English Grammar Past Tense

RBSE Class 10 English Grammar Past Tense

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 10 English Grammar Past Tense

Past Tense (भूतकाल)

Past Tense की पहचान है-था/ थी/थे या पुरानी बात। इस Tense में कार्य भूतकाल में हुआ था, हो रहा था/ हो चुका था या कुछ समय से होता रहा था अर्थात कार्य का कुछ भाग पूरा हो चुका था व शेष कार्य चल रहा था। इन्हीं बातों को ध्यान में रखते हुए Past Tense को चार भागों में बाँटा गया है।

• Past Indefinite Tense जैसे-मैं फल खाता था या मैंने फल खाये। I ate fruits. इस Tense की पहचान है-ता था/ती थी/ते थे या पुरानी बात। इस Tense में Verb की IInd form काम में लेते हैं। जैसे- went, ate, saw आदि।
• Past Continuous Tense जैसे-मैं फल खा रहा था। I was eating fruits. इस Tense की पहचान है-रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे। इस Tense में was/were + verb + ing काम में लेते हैं।
• Past Perfect Tense जैसे-में फल खा चुका था। I had eaten fruits. इस Tense की पहचान है-चुका था/चुकी थी/चुके थे। इस Tense में had + verb की IIIrd form का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
  यहाँ छात्र यह बात ध्यान देकर समझ लें कि Past Perfect Tense को प्रयोग तब भी होता है जब Past Tense में किसी वाक्य में दो काम हो और वे साथ-साथ न होकर आगे-पीछे हों। इस Tense में दो काम होते हैं और वे before या after से जुड़े होते हैं। जैसे
  The train had left before I reached the station. मेरे स्टेशन पहुँचने से पहले रेलगाड़ी जा चुकी थी।
  The train left after I had reached the station. मेरे स्टेशन पहुँचने के बाद रेलगाड़ी रवाना हुई थी।
  यहाँ दो बातें ध्यान से समझ लें कि
  (i) Past Perfect Tense में before या after से जुड़े वाक्यों में एक जगह had + Verb की IIIrd form व दूसरी जगह Verb की IInd form आती है।
  (ii) had + Verb की IIIrd form से पहले वह after के बाद आती है।
• Past Perfect Continuous Tense जैसे-मैं तीन दिन से फल खा रहा था। I had been eating fruits for three days.
  इस Tense की पहचान है समय के बाद ‘से’ + रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे। इस Tense में had been + verb + ing + since या for + time आता है।
  लीजिए अब हम Present Tense की forms का अध्ययन कर लें।

1. Past Indefinite Tense
(a) Past Indefinite Tense (Affirmative)
पहचानः (1) ता था/ती थी/ते थे। (2) पुरानी बात को ही Past Tense समझो।
नियमः (1) इसमें कोई helping verb नहीं आता।
(2) Verb की IInd form का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(3) Past Indefinite Tense में हिंदी में लिखते हैं खाया या खाता था लेकिन English में हमेशा verb की IInd form काम में आती है। जैसे- ate, worked, slept आदि।
(4) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + Verb की IInd form + Object.

उदाहरण

1. I ate a pomegranate. मैंने एक अनार खाया।
2. We ate a pomegranate. हमने एक अनार खाया।
3. You ate a pomegranate. तुमने एक अनार खाया।
4. Ram ate a pomegranate. राम ने एक अनार खाया।
5. They ate a pomegranate. उन्होंने एक अनार खाया।

(b) Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)
पहचानः नहीं + ……….. ता था/ती थी/ते थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में did not + Verb की 1st form का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(2) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + did not + Verb की 1st form + Object.

उदाहरण

1. I did not eat a guava. मैंने एक अमरूद नहीं खाया।
2. We did not eat a guava. हमने एक अमरूद नहीं खाया।
3. You did not eat a guava. तुमने एक अमरूद नहीं खाया।
4. He/She/It did not eat a guava. उसने एक अमरूद नहीं खाया।
5. They did not eat a guava. उन्होंने एक अमरूद नहीं खाया।

(c) Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)
पहचानः क्या + ता था/ती थी/ते थे + पुरानी बात?
नियमः (1) इसमें कोई helping verb – did का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(2) Verb की 1st form काम में आती है।
(3) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Did + Subject + Verb की 1st form + Object?

उदाहरण

1. Did I eat bananas? क्या मैंने केले खाये?
2. Did we eat bananas? क्या हमने केले खाये?
3. Did you eat bananas? क्या तुमने केले खाये?
4. Did he/she/it eat bananas? क्या उसने केले खाये?
5. Did they eat bananas? क्या उन्होंने केले खाये?

(d) Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative Negative)
पहचानः क्या + नहीं + ता था/ ती थी/ते थे + पुरानी बात?
नियमः (1) इसमें कोई helping verb – did का प्रयोग करते हैं।
(2) इसे Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Did + Subject + not+ Verb की 1st form + Object?

उदाहरण

1. Did I not eat Cheese? क्या मैंने पनीर नहीं खाया?
2. Did we not eat Cheese? क्या हमने पनीर नहीं खाया?
3. Did you not eat Cheese? क्या तुमने पनीर नहीं खाया?
4. Did he/she/it not eat Cheese? क्या उसने पनीर नहीं खाया?
5. Did they not eat Cheese? क्या उन्होंने पनीर नहीं खाया?

Exercise Solved

Question 1.
Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the simple past tense:
enjoy, clean, die, open, finish, happen, rain, start, stay, want

1. It was hot in the room, so I ……………….. the window.
2. I …………………. my teeth twice yesterday.
3. The shop ………. …….. at 9 a.m. yesterday.
4. The match ………………. at 6 in the evening.
5. I always ……………….. to be a doctor.
6. It is a nice day but yesterday it …………………. all day.
7. The accident .. ………… last Sunday afternoon.
8. Shiela’s grandmother ………………… when she was 90 years old.
9. We ………………. our holiday last year.
10. We …………………… at Grand Hotel when we went to Kolkata.

Answer.

1. opened
2. cleaned
3. started
4. finished
5. wanted
6. rained
7. happened.
8. died
9. enjoyed
10. stayed

Question 2.
Write the past simple/ past indefinite tense of the following verbs:

1. get ….
2. see ……
3. play …
4. pay …..
5. visit …..
6. buy…..
7. go ………..
8. think ………..
9. copy ……..
10. know ……
11. put …….
12. speak…….

Answer.

1. got
2. saw
3. played
4. paid
5. visited
6. bought
7. went
8. thought
9. copied
10. knew
11. put
12. spoke

2. Past Continuous Tense
(a) Past Continuous Tense (Affirmative)
पहचानः रहा था/रही थी/ रहे थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object.
(2) रहा/रही जब आते हैं, -ing को लाते हैं। be को संग बिठाते हैं, भाई be को संग बिठाते हैं। be की Past Tense #form was 21 were.

उदाहरण

1. I was going to market. मैं बाज़ार जा रहा था।
2. We were going to market. हम बाज़ार जा रहे थे।
3. You were going to market. तुम बाज़ार जा रहे थे।
4. The girl was going to market. लड़की बाज़ार जा रही थी।
5. They were going to market. वे बाज़ार जा रहे थे।

(b) Past Continuous Tense (Negative)
पहचानः नहीं + रहा था/रही थी/ रहे थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + was/were + not + Verb + ing + Object.
(2) As given in Past Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. I was not flying a kite. मैं पतंग नहीं उड़ा रहा था।
2. We were not flying a kite. हम पतंग नहीं उड़ा रहे थे।
3. You were not flying a kite. तुम पतंग नहीं उड़ा रहे थे।
4. Kabir was not flying a kite. कबीर पतंग नहीं उड़ा रहा था।
5. They were not flying a kite. वे पतंग नहीं उड़ा रहे थे।

(c) Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
पहचानः क्या + रहा था/रही थी/ रहे थे?
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + Object?
(2) As given in Past Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Was I drinking milk? क्या मैं दूध पी रहा था?
2. Were we drinking milk? क्या हम दूध पी रहे थे?
3. Were you drinking milk? क्या तुम दूध पी रहे थे?
4. Was Kabir drinking milk? क्या कबीर दूध पी रहा था?
5. Were they drinking milk? क्यों वे दूध पी रहे थे?

(d) Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative Negative)
पहचानः क्या + नहीं + रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे?
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Was/were + Subject + not + Verb + ing + Object?
(2) As given in Past Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Was I not playing foot-ball? क्या मैं फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहा था?
2. Were we not playing foot-ball? क्या हम फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहे थे?
3. Were you not playing foot-ball? क्या तुम फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहे थे?
4. Was the porpoise not playing foot-ball? क्या पौरपोइस फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रही थी?
5. Were they not playing foot-ball? क्या वे फुटबॉल नहीं खेल रहे थे?

Exercise Solved

Question 1.
Use the correct form of the verb given in the brackets:

1. We (watch) the shop windows when we met Vimal.
2. I (wait) outside the theatre when I saw Om.
3. When Vijay arrived, Soma (study).
4. When he saw Ramesh in the library, he (return) his books.
5. When I saw them at midnight, they (try) to find a taxi.

Answer.

1. We were watching the shop windows when we met Vimal.
2. I was waiting outside the theatre when I saw Om.
3. When Vijay arrived, Soma was studying
4. When he saw Ramesh in the library, he was returning his books.
5. When I saw them at midnight, they were trying to find a taxi.

Question 2.
Change the following sentences into negative:

1. Vishal was living in Kolkata in July last year.
2. Vimal was talking to Vijay at ten o’clock last night.
3. At four o’clock yesterday we were all drinking tea.
4. I was trying to get a taxi at ten o’clock last night.
5. It was raining in Chennai at five o’clock last evening.

Answer.

1. Vishal was not living in Kolkata in July last year.
2. Vimal was not talking to Vijay at ten o’clock last night.
3. At four o’clock yesterday we were not all drinking tea.
4. I was not trying to get a taxi at ten o’clock last night.
5. It was not raining in Chennai at five o’clock last evening.

Question 3.
Change the following sentences into questions:

1. They were crying there.
2. He was playing cricket.
3. He was doing his homework.
4. Ruchi and Rubi were cooking in the kitchen.
5. We were going to the market.

Answer.

1. Were they crying there?
2. Was he playing cricket?
3. Was he doing his homework?
4. Were Ruchi and Rubi cooking in the kitchen?
5. Were we going to the market?

3. Past Perfect Tense
(a) Past Perfect Tense (Affirmative)
पहचानः चुका था/चुकी थी / चुके थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + had + Verb की IIIrd form + Object.
(2) चुका/चुकी/चुके जब आते हैं। has/have/had को लाते हैं। Verb की IIIrd form बिठाते हैं।
(3) Past Perfect Tense में had को IIIrd form के पहले लिखते हैं।

Important Point to Remember:
English के कुछ scholar-I had read को Past Perfect Tense मानते हैं। लेकिन अन्य विद्वानों के अनुसार Past Perfect Tense में दो कामों को होना आवश्यक है। दोनों काम एक वाक्य में Past Tense में होते हैं। किन्तु वे साथ-साथ नहीं होते, आगे-पीछे होते हैं। ऐसे वाक्य before या after से जुड़े होते हैं। ऐसे वाक्यों में एक जगह had + Verb की IIIrd form व दूसरी जगह Verb की IInd form आती हैं।

यदि वाक्य before से जुड़े हों तो had + Verb की IIIrd form -before के पहले आती है व Verb की IInd form, before के बाद आती है। यदि वाक्य after से जुड़े हों तो had + verb की IIIrd form, after के बाद आती है व Verb की IInd form, पहले आती है। जैसे

• I had reached the station before the train came.
• The train had left the station before I reached the station.
  पहले वाक्य में, मैं स्टेशन पर पहले पहुँचा और रेलगाड़ी बाद में रवाना हुई।
  दूसरे वाक्य में, रेलगाड़ी स्टेशन से पहले रवाना हो गई और मैं बाद में वहाँ पहुँचा।

उदाहरण

1. I had revised the lesson. मैं पाठ दोहरा चुका था।
2. We had revised the lesson. हम पाठ दोहरा चुके थे।
3. You had revised the lesson. तुम पाठ दोहरा चुके थे।
4. She had revised the lesson. वह पाठ दोहरा चुकी थी।
5. They had revised the lesson. वे पाठ दोहरा चुके थे।

(b) Past Perfect Tense (Negative)
पहचान नहीं + चुका था/ चुकी थी/चुके थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + had + not + Verb की IIIrd form + Object.
(2) As given in Past Perfect Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. I had not brought fruits. मैं फल नहीं ला चुका था।
2. We had not brought fruits. हम फल नहीं ला चुके थे।
3. You had not brought fruits. तुम फल नहीं ला चुके थे।
4. Rachit had not brought fruits. रचित फल नहीं ला चुका था।
5. They had not eaten porridge. वे फल नहीं ला चुके थे।

(c) Past Perfect Tense (Interrogative)
पहचानः क्या + चुका था/चुकी थी/चुके थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम { word-order) रहता है। Had + Subject + Verb की IIIrd form + Object?
(2) As given in Past Perfect Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Had I passed the examination? क्या मैं परीक्षा पास कर चुका था?
2. Had we passed the examination? क्या हम परीक्षा पास कर चुके थे?
3. Had you passed the examination? क्या तुम परीक्षा पास कर चुके थे?
4. Had Palak passed the examination? क्या पलक परीक्षा पास कर चुका थी?
5. Had They passed the examination? क्या वे परीक्षा पास कर चुके थे?

(d) Past Perfect Tense (Interrogative Negative)
पहचानः क्या + नहीं + चुका था। चुकी थी। चुके थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (Ord-order) रहता है। Had + Subject + Not + Verb की IIIrd form + Object?
(2) As given in Past Perfect Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Had I not begun my work? क्या मैं अपना कार्य प्रारंभ नहीं कर चुका था?
2. Had we not begun our work? क्या हम अपना कार्य प्रारंभ नहीं कर चुके थे?
3. Had you not begun your work? क्या तुम अपना कार्य प्रारंभ नहीं कर चुके थे?
4. Had the lion not begun his work? क्या शेर अपना कार्य प्रारंभ नहीं कर चुका था?
5. Had They not begun their work? क्या वे अपना कार्य प्रारंभ नहीं कर चुके थे?

Exercise Solved

Question 1.
Choose the correct verb from those given in brackets:

1. He thanked me for what I …………………. (have done, had done, have been doing).
2. When we went to the cinema, the film ………………… (already started, had already started, would already start.)
3. Did you think you ……………….. me somewhere before? (have seen, had seen, were seeing.)
4. I …………………. to Mumbai once before. (have gone, had gone, have been going)
5. They …………….. anything till night. (have not read, were not reading, had not read)

Answer.

1. had done
2. had already started
3. had seen
4. had gone
5. had not read.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form (Past Perfect Tense) of the verbs given in brackets.

1. The boys said that they ……………….. their work. (finish)
2. We …………. the ground before the match started. (reach)
3. He ……………… on his clothes before the bell rang. (not put)
4. We ……. our lunch before my friend came. (eat)
5. The Principal was happy to find that the clerk ……………………. all letters. (type)
6. I……… the book after I had read it. (close)
7. The patient ……………….. before his relatives reached. (die)
8. The teacher said that the boys …………………… on a picnic. (go)
9. He ………………. in this school for two years. before he left. (work)
10. After he …………. the flowers, he ran away. (pluck)

Answer.

1. had finished
2. had reached
3. had not put
4. had eaten
5. had typed
6. had closed
7. had died
8. had gone
9. had worked
10. had plucked

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
(a) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Affirmative)

(2) निश्चित समय (point of time) के पहले since और लंबा समय (period of time) से पहले for काम में लेते हैं।
(3) बजा, वार, तारीख, सन आवे for छोड़कर since लगावें।

उदाहरण

1. I had been learning Geometry for ten days. मैं दस दिन से रेखागणित सीख रहा था।
2. We had been learning Geometry since 2 o’clock. हम दो बजे से रेखागणित सीख रहे थे।
3. You had been learning Geometry since Monday. तुम सोमवार से रेखागणित सीख रहे थे।
4. William had been learning Geometry since 1 July. विलियम 1 जुलाई से रेखागणित सीख रहा था।
5. They had been learning Geometry since 2005. वे 2005 से रेखागणित सीख रहे थे।

(b) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Negative)
पहचानः समय के बाद ‘से’ + नहीं + रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Subject + Had not been + Verb + ing + since/for + समय।
(2), (3) As given in Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. I had not been hiding for 10 hours. मैं दस घंटे से छिपता नहीं रहा था/छिप नहीं रहा था।
2. We had not been hiding since 12 o’clock. हम 12 बजे से छिपते नहीं रहे थे/छिप नहीं रहे थे।
3. You had not been hiding since Thursday. तुम गुरुवार से छिपते नहीं रहे थे/छिप नहीं रहे थे।
4. Oliver had not been hiding since 1 July. ऑलिवर 1 जुलाई से छिपता नहीं रहा था/छिप नहीं रहा था।
5. Dodger and Nancy had not been hiding since 2005. डोजर व नैन्सी 2005 से छिपते नहीं रहे थे/छिप नहीं रहे थे।

(c) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Interrogative)
पहचानः क्या + समय के बाद ‘से’ + रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे?
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Had + Subject + been + Verb + ing + since/for + समय?
(2), (3) As given in Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Had I been going for a walk for three days? क्या मैं तीन दिन से घूमने जा रहा था?
2. Had We been going for a walk since 7 a.m.? क्या हम 7 बजे से घूमने जा रहे थे?
3. Had You been going for a walk since 3 July? क्या तुम 3 जुलाई से घूमने जा रहे थे?
4. Had philosopher been going for a walk since 2000? क्या दार्शनिक 2000 से घूमने जा रहा था?
5. Had Christopher and Charlie been going for a walk since Monday? क्या क्रिस्टोफर व चार्ली सोमवार से घूमने जा रहे थे?

(d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Interrogative Negative)
पहचानः क्या + समय के बाद ‘से’ + नहीं + रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे।
नियमः (1) इस Tense में शब्द-क्रम (word-order) रहता है। Had + Subject + not + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for + समय।
(2), (3) As given in Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Affirmative).

उदाहरण

1. Had I not been taking bath for three days? क्या मैं तीन दिन से स्नान नहीं कर रहा था?
2. Had We not been taking bath since Morning? क्या हम सुबह से स्नान नहीं कर रहे थे?
3. Had You not been taking bath since 1 July? क्या तुम 1 जुलाई से स्नान नहीं रहे थे?
4. Had Juliana not been going to walk since 2008? क्या जूलियाना 2008 से घूमने नहीं जा रही थी?
5. Had father and son not been going for a walk since Friday? क्या पिता-पुत्र शुक्रवार से घूमने नहीं जा रहे थे?

Exercise Solved

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with suitable verb:

1. You had been ……………….. till now since morning, (slept, sleeping, sleep)
2. She ……………. sun-bath for a month. (have been taking, had taken, had been taking)
3. ………………………. this car for four years. (have driven, had driven, had been driving)
4. He had not been ……………….. for a few days. (seen, saw, seeing)
5. The players had been ……………….. for three hours. (running, ran, run)
6. ……… he been studying for examination for four days? (had, have)
7. Where had he been …………….. for so many days? (lived, live, living)

Answer.

1. sleeping
2. had been taking
3. had been driving
4. seeing
5. running
6. Had
7. living.

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