UP Board Solutions for Class 10 English Prose Chapter 4 Socrates

Read the following passages given below and answer each question that follows:

निम्नलिखित गद्यांशों को पढ़िये और प्रत्येक के नीचे दिये हुए प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए :

(a) As a boy he was ugly, undersized and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. His father was a poor stone-cutter, so he was always rather shabbily dressed.

Like other boys of his age he went to school, where the most important lessons were music and gymnastics. He also learned some science and mathematics and a little about the stars, but not nearly so much history and geography as children learn today. This strange little creature with the short neck and plain face was a thoughtful child. He watched his companions all the time and allowed very few things to escape his notice.

Socrates did not have a big house or fine furniture. He did not seem to want either wealth or beautiful possessions. As he grew older, he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the title of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken. Who is the writer of this lesson?

उस पाठ के शीर्षक का नाम लिखिए जिससे उपर्युक्त गद्यांश लिया गया है। इस पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं?

2. Describe the physical appearance of Socrates.

सुकरात की शारीरिक बनावट का वर्णन कीजिए।

3. What were the most important lessons at school? What other subjects did he learn at school?

स्कूल में सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय क्या थे ? उसने स्कूल में कौन से अन्य विषयों का अध्ययन किया था ?

4. What kind of attitude did he develop as he grew older?

जब उसकी आयु बढ़ने लगी तब उसमें कौन सी प्रवृत्ति विकसित हुई ?

5. Point out those two words in this passage which have the following meanings:

(b) Classmates (a) Badly or untidily

दिये गये गद्यांश में उन दो शब्दों को छाँटिये जिनके अर्थ निम्नवत है :

(a) बुरी तरह से (b) सहपाठी

ANSWERS :

1. The name of the lesson is “Socrates” and the writer is Rhoda Power.

पाठ का नाम ‘Socrates’ है और लेखक Rhoda Power हैं।

2. As a boy, Socrates was ugly, under sized, had a flat nose and bulging eyes.

बचपन में सुकरात कुरूप तथा ठिगना था। उसकी नाक चपटी और उसकी आँखें बाहर की ओर उभरी हुई थीं।

3. The most important lessons at school were music and gymnastic. He also learnt some science and mathematics.

स्कूल में सबसे अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण विषय संगीत और व्यायाम थे। उसने थोड़ा विज्ञान और गणित भी सीखा था।

4. As he grew older, he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He gave his mind to all that was noble, honourable and just.

जब उसकी आयु बढ़ने लगी तब वह शारीरिक आराम तथा प्रसन्नता के विषय में बहुत कम ध्यान देने लगा। उसने अपना ध्यान उन सब बातों में लगा दिया जो श्रेष्ठ, सम्मानजनक और न्यायपूर्ण थीं।

5. (a) Badly or untidily — shabbily ( बुरी तरह से )

(b) Classmates – companions(सहपाठी)

(b) But although many people loved the old man and delighted in his wisdom, there were some who did not approve of him. He taught that man’s own mind influenced his conduct more than the Gods. This seemed to some people a new and wicked idea. He said that there were higher and nobler deeds than making sacrifices to Athens and the other Gods of Greece, and many people thought that he was leading the young astray, questioning all that they had been taught to believe and filling their minds with doubt.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the name of the lesson from which the above noted passage has been taken. Who is the author of this lesson?

उस पाठ का नाम लिखिए जिससे उपरोक्त गद्यांश लिया गया है। इस पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?

2. Why did some people not like Socrates?

कुछ लोग सुकरात को पसन्द क्यों नहीं करते थे ?

3. Why did many people love Socrates?

बहुत से लोग सुकरात से प्यार क्यों करते थे ?

4. What ideas of Socrates seemed to some people new and wicked?

कुछ व्यक्तियों को सुकरात के कौन से विचार नये तथा दुष्टतापूर्ण प्रतीत होते थे?

5. Pick out the words in the passage which mean the same as :

(a) In a wrong direction – astray (b) Suspicion – doubt

दिये गये गद्यांश में उन दो शब्दों को छाँटिये जिनके अर्थ निम्नलिखित है :

(a) गलत दिशा में (b) सन्देह

6. What did Socrates teach the people of Athens?

एथेंस के लोगों को सुकरात क्या शिक्षा देता था ?

ANSWERS :

1. The name of the lesson is “Socrates” and the author is Rhoda Power.

पाठ का नाम ‘Socrates’ है और लेखक Rhoda Power हैं ।

2. Some people did not like Socrates because he taught that man’s own mind influenced his conduct more than the Gods. They thought it a new and wicked idea.

कुछ लोग सुकरात को पसन्द नहीं करते थे क्योंकि उसने शिक्षा दी थी कि व्यक्ति का दिमाग उसके आचरण को देवताओं से अधिक प्रभावित करता है। वे सोचते थे कि यह नया तथा दुष्टतापूर्ण विचार है।

3. Many people loved Socrates and delighted in his wisdom.

बहुत से लोग सुकरात से प्यार करते थे और उसकी बुद्धिमानी से प्रसन्न होते थे।

4. Socrates taught that man’s own mind influenced his conduct more than the Gods. This seemed to some people a new and wicked idea.

सुकरात सिखाता था कि व्यक्ति का दिमाग उसके आचरण को देवताओं से अधिक प्रभावित करता है। यह विचार कुछ लोगों को नया तथा दुष्टतापूर्ण प्रतीत होता था।

5. (a) In a wrong direction – astray ( गलत दिशा में ) (b) Suspicion – doubt ( सन्देह ) –

6. Socrates taught the people of Athens that everyone must learn to think for himself. He should use his reason. He should have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful. He believed that questioning and discussing would help people to see what was right and noble.

सुकरात एथेंस के लोगों को शिक्षा देता था कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने बारे में सोचना, सीखना चाहिए। उसे अपना तर्क प्रयोग करना चाहिए। उसमें ऐसी शक्ति होनी चाहिए कि वह देख सके कि क्या सही सत्य है, और सुन्दर है। उसका विश्वास था कि प्रश्न करने तथा वाद-विवाद करने से लोगों को सहायता मिलेगी। वे देख सकेंगे कि क्या सही है और श्रेष्ठ है।

(c) The men who were governing Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them and to stand his trial. His friends begged him to escape or to hide until the storm had blown over. But Socrates was no coward. He knew that he had done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honourable and so he went to the court. His clothes and shoes were dusty and travel-stained. But everyone knew that a noble heart beat under the shabby garments.

He made a powerful and dignified speech. He told the Athenians that they would gain nothing by taking away the last few years of his life, but that he was willing to die many deaths for what he believed to be right.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the name of the lesson from which the above noted passage has been taken. Who is the author of the passage ?

उस पाठ का नाम लिखिए जिससे उपरोक्त गद्यांश लिया गया है। गद्यांश के लेखक कौन हैं?

2. Who summoned Socrates to appear before them and who requested Socrates to escape?

किन लोगों ने सुकरात को अपने समक्ष पेश होने का आदेश दिया और किन लोगों ने सुकरात से भाग जाने के लिए निवेदन किया ?

3. What did every one know about Socrates and why was Socrates willing to die?

सुकरात के विषय में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति क्या जानता था तथा सुकरात मरने के लिए क्यों इच्छुक था ?

4. Who made a powerful and dignified speech?

किस व्यक्ति ने शक्तिशाली तथा गौरवपूर्ण भाषण दिया ?

5. Write the words used in the passage which have the following meanings :

(a) called (b) respectful

दिये गये गद्यांश में उन दो शब्दों को छाँटिये जिनके अर्थ निम्नलिखित हैः

(a) बुलाया    (b) श्रद्धेय

ANSWERS :

1. The title of the lesson is “Socrates” and the author is Rhoda Power.

पाठ का नाम ‘Socrates’ है और लेखक Rhoda Power हैं।

2. The men who were governing Athens, summoned Socrates to appear before them. His friends requested Socrates to escape.

उन लोगों ने जो एथेन्स पर शासन कर रहे थे, सुकरात को अपने सामने पेश होने के लिए आदेश दिया। सुकरात के मित्रों ने उससे एथेन्स से भाग जाने का निवेदन किया।

3. Every one knew that a noble heart beat under the shably garments. Socrates was willing to die because he believed to be just and honourable.

प्रत्येक व्यक्ति जानता था कि गंदे कपड़ों में एक श्रेष्ठ हृदय स्पन्दन करता है। सुकरात मरने के लिए इच्छुक था क्योंकि वह न्यायप्रिय तथा सम्मानित होने में विश्वास करता था ।

4. Socrates made a powerful and dignified speech.

सुकरात ने शक्तिशाली और गौरवपूर्ण भाषण दिया।

5. (a) Called — summoned (बुलाया)

    (b) Respectful — dignified (श्रद्धेय )

(d) The judges listened to him, questioned him and condemned him to death. The old man made no complaint. He learned on his stick, looking round the crowded courtroom. Plato and his other pupils were there in the court all the time. “No evil can happen to a good man,” he told them “either in life or after death, so be of good cheer. I have to go. The hour of my departure has arrived and we go our ways, I to die and you to live.”

Then the soldiers came and took him away to prison. His wife followed with his three children. Many of his favourite pupils were also with him. For a long time, they talked to him and he taught them many wise lessons which they treasured in their hearts.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the title of the lesson from which the passage has been taken. Who is the author of this lesson ?

उस पाठ के शीर्षक का नाम लिखिए जिससे गद्यांश लिया गया है। इस पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं ?

2. What punishment was given to Socrates by the judges?

जजों के द्वारा सुकरात को क्या सजा दी गयी ?

3. What did Socrates say to his followers in the court-room after hearing the judgement?

जज का निर्णय सुनने के बाद सुकरात ने न्यायालय में अपने अनुयायियों से क्या कहा ?

4. What procedure was adopted by the judges in holding the trial of Socrates?

जजों द्वारा सुकरात के मुकदमे में क्या विधि अपनायी गयी थी ?

5. Write the antonyms of the following words:

(a) Departure (b) Evil

निम्नलिखित शब्दों के विलोम शब्द लिखिए :

(a) प्रस्थान करना   (b) बुराई

ANSWERS :

1. The title of the lesson is “Socrates” and the author is Rhoda Power.

पाठ का नाम ‘Socrates’ है और लेखक Rhoda Power हैं।

2. Socrates was condemned to death.

सुकरात को मृत्युदण्ड की सजा सुनाई गयी थी।

3. Socrates said to his followers, “No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after his death.”

सुकरात ने अपने अनुयायियों से कहा, “कोई भी बुराई किसी अच्छे व्यक्ति के साथ घटित नहीं हो सकती, न तो इस जीवन में न उसकी मृत्यु के बाद । ”

4. The judges listened to Socrates and questioned him. This procedure was adopted by the judges in holding the trial of Socrates.

जजों ने सुकरात को सुना और उससे सवाल किये यह विधि सुकरात के मुकदमे में जजों द्वारा अपनाई गयी।

5. (a) Departure (प्रस्थान करना) – arrival (आगमन)

(b) Evil (बुराई) – good ( भलाई) –

(e) In Athens, when people were condemned to die, they were given a cup of poison, Socrates knew this and he nodded to the jailor who looked at him sadly saying “You, Socrates, whom I know to be the noblest and gentlest and best of all who ever came to this place, will not be angry with me when I ask you to drink the poison for others, and not I are the guilty cause,” Bursting into tears he went out and returned with a cup of poison.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken. Who is the author of the lesson ?

उस पाठ का नाम लिखिए जिससे उपरोक्त गद्यांश लिया गया है। पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं?

2. How was the sentence to death carried out in Athens?

एथेन्स में मृत्युदण्ड किस प्रकार दिया जाता था ?

3. What feelings did the jailor express to Socrates while giving him the cup of poison?

सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देते समय जेलर ने क्या भाव व्यक्त किया ?

4. Why did the jailor burst into tears?

जेलर आँसुओं में क्यों डूब गया?

5. Point out the words from the passage which mean the same as :

(a) Criminal

(b) Agreed

गद्यांश से उन शब्दों को छाँटिये जिनके अर्थ हैं :

(a) अपराधी

(b) सिर झुकाकर हाँ किया

ANSWERS :

1. The name of the lesson is “Socrates” and the author is Rhoda Power.

पाठ का नाम ‘Socrates’ है और लेखक Rhoda Power हैं।

2. The sentence to death was carried out in Athens by giving a cup of poison.

एथेन्स में मृत्युदण्ड जहर का प्याला देकर दिया जाता था।

3. The jailor expressed his feelings saying, “You, Socrates, whom I know to be the noblest and gentlest and best of all who ever came to this place, will not be angry with me when I ask you to drink the poison.

जेलर ने यह कहते हुए अपनी भावनाएँ व्यक्त की, “सुकरात, मैं तुम्हें उन सब व्यक्तियों से जो आज तक यहाँ हैं, सबसे अधिक श्रेष्ठ, सज्जन और अच्छा समझता हूँ। जब मैं तुमसे जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए कहूँ तो मुझ पर क्रोध मत करना ।”

4. The jailor burst in the tears because he was sad to ask him to drink the poison.

जेलर आँसुओं में डूब गया क्योंकि वह उससे जहर पीने के लिए कह कर दुःखी था।

5. (a) Criminal – guilty (अपराधी)

(b) Agreed – nodded (सिर झुकाकर हाँ किया)

(f) Socrates went round the town on foot and talked to people. The Athenians began to look for his familiar figure in the streets and to say to their friends, “Yes, that’s Socrates, come along and talk to him.” After sometime Socrates became famous as a teacher. He wandered along the roads and stood in the market places, talking to anyone who cared to greet him. His listeners were often confused after they had argued with him or answered his questions, Socrates told his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself, so that by using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just,true and beautiful, and so shape his own conduct. He wanted Athens to be a perfect state. He told everyone-both his pupils and his other followers-that this could only happen if every citizen educated his own mind to see what was right and noble. He believed that questioning and discussion would help them do this and so he was forever talking to them in the open streets.

Or Socrates went round………. was right and noble.

Or Socrates told his country men……… the open streets.

QUESTIONS :

1. Why did Socrates go round the town on foot?

सुकरात नगर में चारों ओर पैदल क्यों घूमता था ?

2. What did he tell his countrymen?

उसने अपने देशवासियों को क्या कहा ?

3. What was Socrates’s aim ? How could that aim be achieved, according to him?

सुकरात का क्या लक्ष्य था? उसके अनुसार, उस लक्ष्य की प्राप्ति कैसे हो सकती थी ?

4. What did he ask the people of Athens to do, to make Athens a perfect state?

एथेन्स को आदर्श राज्य बनाने के लिए वह एथेंस के लोगों से क्या करने के लिए कहता था ?

5. Which words in the passage mean the following:

(a) known

(b) welcome

गद्यांश में किन शब्दों के अर्थ निम्नलिखित हैं

(अ) परिचित (ब) स्वागत करना

ANSWERS :

1. Socrates went round the town on foot to talk to people.

सुकरात लोगों से बात करने के लिए नगर में चारों ओर पैदल घूमता था।

2. He told his countrymen that everyone must think for himself so that he might use his reason to see what was right, just, true and beautiful.

उसने अपने देशवासियों से कहा कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को स्वयं अपने अनुरूप सोचना चाहिए, ताकि वह उचित, विवेकपूर्ण, सत्य तथा सुन्दर की परख कर सके।

3. Socrates was a great patriot. He wished that Athens could become a perfect state. According to Socrates, Athens could be a perfect state if every citizen used his reason to see what was right and noble. Questioning and discussing would help them use their reason.

सुकरात महान् देशभक्त था। वह चाहता था कि एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बने। सुकरात के अनुसार, एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बन सकता है यदि प्रत्येक नागरिक उचित और सही की पहचान अपने विवेक के आधार पर करे।

4. Socrates wished that Athens could become a perfect state. According to Socrates, Athens could be a perfect state if every citizen used his reason to see what was right and noble. Questioning and discussing would help them use their reason.

सुकरात की इच्छा थी कि एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बने। सुकरात के अनुसार, एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बन सकता है यदि प्रत्येक नागरिक उचित और अनुचित की पहचान अपने विवेक के आधार पर करे।

5. (a) familiar (b) greet

(अ) परिचित  (ब) स्वागत करना

(g) Socrates lived in Athens about four-hundred years before Jesus Christ was born, As a boy he was ugly, undersized and had a flat nose and bulging eyes. His father was a poor stone cutter, so he was always rather shabbily dressed. this strange creature with the short neck and plain face was a thoughtful child. He watched his companions all the time and allowed very few things to escape his notice.

Socrates did not have a big house or fine furniture. He did not seem to want either wealth or beautiful possessions. As he grew older he began to think very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. He gave his mind to all that was noble, honourable and just.

QUESTIONS :

1. Write the name of the lesson from which the above passage has been taken. Who is the author of the lesson?

उस पाठ का नाम लिखें जिससे यह अवतरण लिया गया है। इस पाठ के लेखक कौन हैं?

2. What do we come to know about Socrates after reading the above passage?

उपर्युक्त अवतरण पढ़ने के पश्चात हम सुकरात के बारे में क्या जानते हैं?

3. Where and when did Socrates live?

सुकरात कहाँ और कब रहता था?

ANSWERS :

1. The name of the lesson is ‘Socrates’ and the author is Rhoda Power.

2. Socrates was ugly and undersized. He had a flat nose and bulging eyes. Music and gymnastics were the most important lessons at school. He learnt some science, mathematics and little about the stars.

सुकरात कुरूप और ठिगना था। उसकी नाक चपटी थी और उसकी आँखें उभरी हुई थीं। स्कूल में सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण विषय संगीत और जिमनास्टिक्स थे। उसने विज्ञान, गणित और खगोल विज्ञान पढ़ा।

3. Socrates lived in Athens about 400B.C.

सुकरात 400 ई. पू. एथेंस में निवास करता था।

Q1. What great qualities of Socrates are brought out in the lesson?

इस पाठ में सुकरात के कौन से महान गुण बताये गये हैं ?

Or  Who was Socrates ? Write some of his great qualities ?

सुकरात कौन था? उसके कुछ महान गुण लिखिए।

Ans. Socrates had many great qualities since his childhood. He was a thoughtful child and watched the activities of his friends. He noticed everything around him.

He never wanted wealth or beautiful possessions. He thought very little of bodily comfort and pleasure. Rather he gave his mind to all that was noble, honourable and just.

He was a famous teacher. He liked to teach people all that was right and true, just and beautiful.

He was a great philosopher who taught many wise lessons to his pupils. He was calm and peaceful. When he was given the cup of poison, he took it with ease and drank it peacefully.

सुकरात में बचपन से ही बहुत से महान गुण थे । वे विचारशील बालक थे तथा अपने साथियों के कार्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक देखा करते थे। वह अपने चारों ओर प्रत्येक वस्तु को गौर से देखा करते थे।

वे कभी भी धन अथवा सुन्दर वस्तुएँ नहीं चाहते थे। वे शारीरिक आराम और आनन्द के विषय में बहुत कम सोचते थे। बल्कि, उन्होंने अपना ध्यान उन सब बातों में लगा दिया जो श्रेष्ठ, सम्मानजनक और न्यायपूर्ण थीं। वे एक प्रसिद्ध शिक्षक थे । वे लोगों को उन सब चीजों के विषय में शिक्षा देना पसन्द करते थे जो सही, सत्य, उचित तथा सुन्दर थीं। वे एक महान दार्शनिक थे, जो अपने शिष्यों को बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण पाठ पढ़ाते थे। वे शान्त स्वभाव के थे। जब उन्हें जहर का प्याला दिया गया, तो उन्होंने इसे आसानी से लिया और शान्तिपूर्वक पी लिया।

Q2. Who was Socrates ? What was he accused of?

सुकरात कौन था? उस पर किस बात का आरोप लगाया गया ?

Ans. Socrates was great philosopher who lived in Athens about four hundred years before Jesus Christ was born. As a boy he was ugly and under sized. He had a flat nose and bulging eyes. His father was a poor stone-cutter. He was always shabbily dressed. Since his childhood, he was thoughtful and allowed very few things to escape his notice.

Socrates was accused of misleading the young people of his country. There were some people in Athens who did not approve of him. So the men who were governing Athens summoned him to appear before them and to stand his trial. The judges listened to him, questioned him and condemned him to death.

सुकरात एक महान दार्शनिक था जो ईसा मसीह के जन्म के लगभग चार सौ वर्ष पूर्व एथेन्स में रहता था। वह बाल्यावस्था में कुरूप तथा ठिगना था। उसकी नाक चपटी थी और उसकी आँखें बाहर की ओर उभरी हुई थी। उसका पिता एक निर्धन पत्थर काटने वाले थे। वह सदैव फटे पुराने कपड़े पहनता था । बचपन से ही वह बहुत विचारशील था तथा बहुत ही कम बातों को अपने निरीक्षण से बचने देता था अर्थात् प्रत्येक बात को ध्यानपूर्वक देखता था ।

सुकरात पर अपने देश के युवकों को गुमराह करने का आरोप लगाया गया । एथेन्स में कुछ ऐसे लोग थे जो उसकी बात से सहमत नहीं थे। इसलिए जो लोग एथेन्स पर शासन कर रहे थे, उन्होंने उसे अपने समक्ष पेश होने तथा अपने मुकदमे की पैरवी करने का आदेश दिया। जजों ने उसे सुना, सवाल किये और उसे मृत्युदण्ड देने का आदेश दिया।

Q3. Give a character-sketch of Socrates.

सुकरात का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए ।

Ans. Socrates was a great philosopher. He lived in Athens. As a boy he was ugly and under sized. He had a flat nose and bulging eyes. He was the son of a poor stone-cutter. So he was always shabbily dressed.

He became famous as a teacher. He loved justice and reasoning of a man. He taught the people to think themselves and find out just and right things.

Thus, Socrates was a great teacher. He was bold, fearless and courageous. He lived only for justice. When he was summoned to appear before the court, he was not afraid. He went to the court and made a powerful speech. He drank the cup of poison fearlessly and boldly.

Thus, Socrates was a great teacher. He was a famous philosopher and a gentle man having noble heart. That is why the writer called him the greatest of all the Greeks.

सुकरात एक महान दार्शनिक था। वह एथेन्स में रहता था । बाल्यावस्था में वह कुरूप तथा ठिगना था। उसकी नाक चपटी थी तथा आँखें बाहर की ओर उभरी हुई थी । वह एक गरीब पत्थर काटने वाले का पुत्र था। इसलिए वह सदैव फटे पुराने कपड़े पहनता था ।

वह एक शिक्षक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हो गया। वह न्याय तथा मनुष्य की तर्कशक्ति (बुद्धि) से प्रेम करता था। वह लोगों को स्वयं सोचने तथा उचित और सही बातों का पता लगाने की शिक्षा दिया करता था |

वह बहादुर, निडर तथा साहसी था । वह केवल न्याय के लिए जीवित था। जब उसे न्यायालय में उपस्थित होने का आदेश दिया गया, तो वह भयभीत नहीं था । वह न्यायालय में उपस्थित हुआ तथा शक्तिशाली भाषण दिया। उसने निडर होकर साहस के साथ जहर का प्याला पी लिया।

इस प्रकार, सुकरात एक महान शिक्षक था । वह एक प्रसिद्ध दार्शनिक तथा सभ्य व्यक्ति था तथा उसका हृदय श्रेष्ठ था। इसीलिए लेखक ने उसे सबसे महान ग्रीक कहा।

Q4. Who was Socrates ? What were his teachings?

सुकरात कौन था? उसकी शिक्षाएँ क्या थीं?

Ans. Socrates was a great philosopher. He became famous as a teacher. He believed in justice and reasoning. He taught the people to think themselves. He also taught them to have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful using their reasoning. They should shape their own conduct. He believed that questioning and discussion would help them to do that. He always talked to the people in open streets without any fear. He wanted Athens to be perfect state. So he taught the people to develop the power of good reasoning to be ideal citizens of the state.

सुकरात एक महान दार्शनिक था। वह एक शिक्षक के रूप में प्रसिद्ध हो गया। वह न्याय तथा तर्कशक्ति (बुद्धि) में विश्वास करता था । वह लोगों को अपने आप विचार करने की शिक्षा देता था । वह उन्हें इस बात की भी शिक्षा देता था कि उन्हें अपने तर्क का प्रयोग करके सत्य उचित तथा सुन्दर वस्तुओं को पहचानने की शक्ति प्राप्त करना चाहिए और अपने आचरण को बनाना चाहिए। वह इस बात में विश्वास करता था कि प्रश्न करने तथा बहस करने से उन्हें ऐसा करने में सहायता मिलेगी। वह बिना किसी भय के लोगों से सदैव खुली गलियों में बात किया करता था। वह चाहता था कि एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बन जाय। इसलिए उसने लोगों को राज्य का आदर्श नागरिक बनने के लिए अच्छी तर्क शक्ति का विकास करने की शिक्षा दी।

Q5. Why and how was Socrates trailed in the court?

सुकरात पर क्यों और कैसे मुकदमा चलाया गया ?

Ans. Socrates was accused of misleading the young people of his country. There were same people in Athens who did not approve him, so the men who were governing Athens summoned him to appear before them and stand his trial. The judges heard him questioned him and condemned him to death by asking him to drink a cup of poison.

सुकरात पर अपने देश के युवकों को गुमराह करने का आरोप लगाया गया था। एथेन्स में कुछ ऐसे लोग थे जो उसकी बात से सहमत नहीं थे। अतः जो लोग एथेन्स पर शासन कर रहे थे उन्होंने उसे अपने समक्ष पेश होने तथा अपने मुकदमे की पैरवी का आदेश दिया। जजों ने उसे सुना सवाल किया और विष का प्याला पीने को कह कर मृत्युदण्ड दे दिया।

Q6. What happened in the jail before Socrates’s death? What did the jailor say to Socrates?

सुकरात की मृत्यु से पूर्व जेल में क्या होता था ? जेलर ने सुकरात से क्या कहा?

Ans. Before Socrates, people were put to death in the jail of Athens by giving them a cup of poison. The Jailor said that Socrates was the noblest, gentlest and best of all who had came to that place. He asked him not be angry with him when he would ask him to drink the cup of poison.

सुकरात से पहले एथेन्स की जेल में लोगों को जहर का प्याला पिलाकर मृत्युदण्ड दिया जाता था । जेलर ने कहा कि सुकरात उन सब लोगों में से अति सज्जन, नेक और सर्वश्रेष्ठ है जो उससे पहले उस स्थान पर आये थे। उसने कहा कि जब वह उसे जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए कहेगा तो वह उससे नाराज न हो ।

Q7. Why does the writer call Socrates “The Greatest of all Greeks”?

लेखक सुकरात को यूनान का सबसे महान व्यक्ति क्यों कहता है?

Ans. Writer call Socrates, “The Greatest of all Greeks because he was a man of reason. He loved all that was noble, honourable and just. He loved Athens and wanted to make it perfect state. He was a greate teacher. He was fearless.

लेखक सुकरात को यूनान का महानतम् व्यक्ति कहा है क्योंकि वह विवेकशील व्यक्ति था। वह उन चीजों को प्यार करता था। जो श्रेष्ठ, सम्मानित तथा न्याययुक्त थीं। वह एथेंस से प्रेम करता था और उसे एक आदर्श राज्य बनाना चाहता था । वह महान शिक्षक था । वह निर्भीक था ।

Q8. What did Socrates ask his countrymen to do, to make Athens a perfect state?

एथेन्स को एक पूर्ण राज्य बनाने के लिए सुकरात अपने देशवासियों से क्या करने के लिए कहते थे ?

Ans. Socrates told his countrymen that everymen that everyone must learn to think or himself, so that by using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just true and beautiful, and so shape his own conduct. He wanted Athens to be a perfect state.

सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों को बताया था कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने आप विचार करना सीखना चाहिए ताकि अपने तर्क का प्रयोग करके वह सत्य, उचित और सुन्दर वस्तुओं को पहचानने की शक्ति प्राप्त कर सके और इनके अनुसार अपने आचारण को बना सके। वह चाहता था कि एथेन्स एक आदर्श राज्य बन सके।

Q9. What was Socrates accused of? How did he face his trial ?

सुकरात का दोष क्या था ? वह अपने अभियोग का सामना कैसे किया?

Ans. Socrates was accused of misleading the young people of his country. Socrates made a powerful and dignified speech. He told the rulers that they would gain nothing by taking away the last years of his life. But he was willing to die many deaths for what he believed to be right.

सुकरात देश के नवयुवकों को पथभ्रष्ट करने का दोषी था । सुकरात ने एक शक्तिशाली और ओजस्वी भाषण दिया। उसने शासकों को बताया कि उसने जीवन के अंतिम वर्षों को लेकर उन्हें कुछ लाभ नहीं होगा। परन्तु वह जिस चीज को सही समझता है और उसके लिए बार-बार मृत्यु का वरण करने के लिए तैयार है।

Q10. What punishment was given to Socrates by the Judges ? What was Socrates, reaction against it?

जजों द्वारा सुकरात को क्या दण्ड दिया गया? इसके प्रति सुकरात की क्या प्रतिक्रिया थी?

Ans. The men who were governing Athens summoned Socrates to appear before them to stand his trial. The judges listened to Socrates. They questioned him. And finally they sentenced him to death. Socrates made no complaint. He leaned on his stick and said, “No evil can happen to a good man either in life or after death, so be of good cheer. I have to go.”

एथेन्स के शासकों ने सुकरात को अपने अभियोग की पैरवी करने के लिए न्यायालय में बुलाया। न्यायाधीशों ने सुकरात की बातें सुनीं। उन्होंने सुकरात से प्रश्न किये । अन्ततः उसको मृत्युदण्ड दे दिया। सुकरात ने कोई शिकवा नहीं किया। वह अपनी छड़ी पर झुका और कहा, “भले आदमी पर न तो इस जीवन में और न ही मृत्यु के पश्चात कोई बुराई आती है। अतः प्रसन्न रहो। मुझे जाना है।”

Q1. Who was Socrates ? Where did he live?

सुकरात कौन था ? वह कहाँ रहता था ?

Ans. Socrates was a great philosopher. As a boy he was ugly and under sized. He had a flat nose and bulging eyes. He was always rather shabbily dressed. He lived in Athens about four hundred years before Christ was born.

सुकरात एक महान दार्शनिक था। बचपन में, वह कुरूप और ठिगना था। उसकी नाक चपटी और आँखें बाहर की ओर उभरी हुई थी। वह सदैव फटे पुराने कपड़े पहने रहता था। वह ईसा मसीह के जन्म के लगभग चार सौ वर्ष पूर्व एथेन्स में रहता था ।

Q2. What were important lessons in his school?

उसके स्कूल में महत्त्वपूर्ण पाठ क्या थे?

Ans. Music and gymnastics were the important lessons in his school. Science, mathematics and a little about stars were also taught there.

संगीत और व्यायाम उसके स्कूल के महत्त्वपूर्ण पाठ थे । वहाँ पर विज्ञान, गणित तथा तारों के विषय में भी थोड़ी शिक्षा दी जाती थी ।

Q3. What was system of death sentence in Athens ?

एथेन्स में मृत्युदण्ड की क्या व्यवस्था थी ?

Or  How was the sentence to death carried out in Athens?

एथेंस में मृत्युदण्ड कैसे दिया जाता था ?

Ans. In Athens, when people were condemned to die, they were given a cup of poison.

एथेन्स में जब लोगों को मृत्युदण्ड दिया जाता था तो उन्हें जहर का प्याला दिया जाता था।

Q4. What did Socrates say before drinking the poison?

जहर पीने से पहले सुकरात ने क्या कहा ?

Ans. Socrates said before drinking the poison, “May the Gods prosper my journey from this to the other world.”

जहर पीने से पहले सुकरात ने कहा, “देवतागण इस संसार से दूसरे संसार की मेरी यात्रा को सफल बनाये ।

Q5. Why did Socrates go to the Court ?

सुकरात न्यायालय क्यों गया था ?

Ans. Socrates was no coward. He knew that he had done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he believed to be just, true and honourable. So he went to the Court.

सुकरात कायर नहीं था। वह जानता था कि उसने कोई गलत कार्य नहीं किया है और उसने लोगों को उसी बात की शिक्षा दी है जिसे वह उचित, सत्य और सम्मानित समझता था । अतः वह न्यायालय गया ।

Q6. What was Socrates’s aim in talking to people ?

लोगों से बात करने में सुकरात का क्या उद्देश्य था ?

Ans. The aim of Socrates in talking to the people was to let them know what was right and noble. He told his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself and shape his own conduct.

लोगों से बात-चीत करने का सुकरात का यह उद्देश्य था कि लोग यह जान लें कि क्या उचित तथा श्रेष्ठ है। उसने अपने देशवासियों को बताया कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने आप विचार करना सीखना चाहिए तथा अपने आचरण को बनाना चाहिए।

Q7. Why were his pupils sad?

उसके शिष्य दुःखी क्यों थे ?

Ans. His pupils were sad when they knew that Socrates would die soon. Plato, one of his pupils has written, “he was like a father of whom we were being bereaved and we were about to pass the rest of our lives as orphans.”

जब उसके शिष्यों ने जान लिया कि सुकरात की मृत्यु शीघ्र ही हो जायेगी तो वे दुःखी हो गये। प्लेटो, जो उसके शिष्यों में एक था, ने लिखा है, “वह पिता के समान था जिससे हमें वंचित किया जा रहा था और हम अपना शेष जीवन अनाथों के समान व्यतीत करने वाले थे।”

Q8. What feelings did the jailor express to Socrates while giving the cup of poison?

सुकरात को जहर का प्याला देते समय जेलर ने उससे क्या भावनाएँ व्यक्त की ?

Or What did the jailor say to Socrates before giving him a cup of poison?

जहर का प्याला देते समय जेलर ने सुकरात से क्या कहा ?

Ans. The jailor expressed his feelings while giving the cup of the poison that he knew Socrates to be the noblest and gentlest and the best of all who ever came to that place. So he requested him not to be angry with him when he would give him to drink the poison.

हर का प्याला देते समय जेलर ने अपनी भावनाएँ व्यक्त की कि वह जानता है कि सुकरात उन सब व्यक्तियों में, जो आज तक यहाँ आयें हैं, सबसे अधिक सज्जन श्रेष्ठ तथा अच्छा व्यक्ति है। इसलिए उसने सुकरात से निवेदन किया कि जब वह उसे जहर का प्याला पीने के लिए दे तो वह उससे नाराज न हो।

Q9. Who was Crito ? What did Socrates say to him before death?

क्राइटो कौन था? सुकरात ने उससे मरने के पूर्व क्या कहा ?

Ans. Crito was Socrates’s pupil. Socrates said to Crito if he could do him a favour. He also added that he had owed a cock to Aesculapius and asked if he would pay the debt. His pupil replied that it would be paid.

क्राइटो सुकरात का एक शिष्य था। सुकरात ने क्राइटो से कहा तुम मुझ पर एक कृपा कर सकते हो। उसने यह भी कहा कि उसे ईकुलापिअस को एक मुर्गा भेंट चढ़ाना है और पूछा वह उसका ऋण चुका देगा। उसके शिष्य ने उत्तर दिया कि उसका ऋण चुका दिया जायगा।

Q10. What did Socrates often talk to the people of Athens ?

सुकरात एथेंस के लोगों से अक्सर क्या बात किया करता था ?

Ans. Socrates told his countrymen that everyone must learn to think for himself so that using his reason he would have the power to see what was right, just, true and beautiful and so shape his own conduct. He wanted Athens to be a perfect state.

सुकरात ने अपने देशवासियों से बात चीत करके कहा कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को अपने आप विचार करना चाहिए ताकि तर्कशक्ति बढ़े और वह यह जान सके कि क्या सही है, उचित न्यायपूर्ण, सत्य और सुन्दर है। इससे उनका आचरण भी ठीक होगा। सुकरात एथेंस को एक सम्पूर्ण देश के रूप में देखना चाहते थे।

Q11. Why did Socrates not listen to his friend’s advice ? Either to escape or hide until the storm had blown over?

सुकरात ने अपने मित्र की सलाह क्यों नहीं मानी? जब तक तूफान थम न जाय, वह वहाँ से बचकर निकल जाय या छिप जाय ।

Ans. Socrates friends begged him to run away or hide. But he did not accept there advice because he was not a coward. He knew that he had done nothing wrong and that he had only taught what he belived to be just and true.

सुकरात के मित्रों ने उससे मिन्नत किया कि वह भाग जाय या छुप जाय। पर उसने उनकी सलाह नहीं मानी क्योंकि वह कायर नहीं था। वह जानता था कि उसने कुछ भी गलत नहीं किया था और यह कि उसने लोगों को वही सिखाया जो उसने न्यायोचित और सत्य समझा ।

Q12. What did Socrates try to teach the people by talking to them ?

लोगों से बातें करके सुकरात उन्हें क्या सिखाने की कोशिश करता था ?

Ans. Socrates taught the people that everyone must reason to know what was right, just, true and beautiful to shape his own conduct.

सुकरात लोगों को बताता था कि प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को यह जानने के लिए कि क्या उचित, न्यायपूर्ण, सत्य और सुन्दर है, बुद्धि का प्रयोग करना चाहिए तथा इस प्रकार अपने चरित्र का निर्माण करना चाहिए।

Q13. What is this Socrates say to the Judges in the court ?

अदालत में सुकरात ने जज से क्या कहा ?

Ans. Socrates said to the judges in the court that he was willing to die many deaths for what he believed to be right.

सुकरात ने अदालत में जज से कहा कि जिस बात के लिए वह विश्वास करता है कि सही है उसके लिए वह कई बार मर जाने के लिए तैयार है ।

Q14. What did Socrates want Athens to be ? What did he ask the Athenians to do to achieve this end?

सुकरात एथेंस को क्या बनाना चाहते थे? इसे प्राप्त करने के लिए एथेंस वासियों से क्या कहते थे ।

Ans. Socrates told everyone that Athens could be a perfect state if every citizen educated his own mind to see what was right and noble.

सुकरात ने प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को बताया कि एथेंस एक आदर्श राज्य बन सकता है, यदि प्रत्येक नागरिक अपने मस्तिष्क को शिक्षित करें, यह देखने के लिए कि क्या चीज सही है और श्रेष्ठ है।

Q15. Why was Socrates punished?

सुकरात को दण्डित क्यों किया गया ?

Ans. Socrates was punished because he was blamed for leading youngmen of Athens astray.

सुकरात को दण्डित किया गया क्योंकि उसके ऊपर आरोप था कि वह नवयुवकों को गलत रास्ते पर ले जा रहा है।

(i) Socrates had to stand a trial because :

(a) he made sacrifices

(b) he was wicked

(c) he taught people to question

(d) talking in open streets was against law.

(ii) When Socrates was condemned to death he :

(a) was not happy

(b) shed tears

(c) complained to the judges

(d) was not disturbed.

(iii) Socrates used to go round the town because :

(a) he liked walking

(b) he was confused

(c) he wanted to talk to people

(d) he wanted to visit his friends.

(iv) People loved Socrates for his :

(a) good personality

(b) noble heart

(c) simple living

(d) sweet tongue

Ans.

(i) (c) he taught people to questions

(ii) (d) was not disturbed

(iii) (c) he wanted to talk to the people

(iv) (b) noble heart. Say whether each of the following statements is ‘true’ or ‘false’:

बताइये कि निम्नलिखित कथनों में से प्रत्येक कथन सत्य है अथवा असत्य –

(i) Socrates was a coward man.

(ii) Socrates became sad when he heard the judgement.

(iii) Socrates was never smartly dressed.

(iv) He was born in a rich family. (v) He was the teacher of Plato.

Ans. (i) F, (ii) F, (iii) T, (iv) F, (v) T.

1. Write the words of opposite meaning for the underlined words:

रेखांकित शब्दों के विपरीतार्थक शब्द लिखिए :

(i) Our team has won the match.

(ii) The greedy seller was very rude.

(iii) Drivers of vehicles should never fail to give the right signals.

(iv) Look, that woman is awake too.

Ans.

Words                       Opposites

(i) won                      (i) lost

(ii) rude                    (ii) civilized

(iii) right                  (iii) wrong

(iv) awake               (iv) asleep.

2. Write one word having the same meaning as the group of words underlined in the following sentences :

निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में रेखांकित शब्द समूहों के समान अर्थ वाला एक शब्द लिखिए :

(i) Socrates was not tall.

(ii) Socrates was never smartly dressed.

(iii) Socrates wanted man to shape his own way of living.

(iv) Plato carefully heard and remembered every word spoken by his master.

Ans.

(i) not tall                                   under sized

(ii) never smartly                         shabbily

(iii) way of living                           conduct

(iv) heard and remembered       treasured

1. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using one of the words given in brackets :

कोष्ठक में दिये गये शब्दों में से एक शब्द का प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए :

Example :

Our school team should win the trophy, they have been working hard for it.

(should, might, could)

(a) We must reach the stadium early, there…………….be a big crowd today.

(shall, will, can)

(b) Don’t look so unhappy. You never know we……………meet again next year.

(must, may, could)

(c) If it had been any other day I …………… offer to do this job for you, but I’m in a hurry today.

(should, would, could)

(d) He’ll be taking the early morning train so you…………….expect him home by this evening.

(may, shall, can)

(e) ………………you stand on your head?

(shall, can, may)

(f) It is too bright her………………….you draw the curtains?

(shouldn’t, wouldn’t, oughtn’t)

(g) He………………stop smoking. He’ll ruin his health otherwise.

(could, should, would).

Ans. (a) can (b) may (c) would (d) can (e) can (f) should not (g) should.

2. Fill in the blanks with the right form (positive or negative) of the Modals given in brackets :

कोष्ठक में दिये हुए मॉडल्स के सही रूप (सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक) की सहायता से रिक्त स्थानों की पूर्ति कीजिए –

Example :

Swati can sing well, but she cannot dance equally well.

(can)

(a) You……………..help your mother. Sh……………….be lifting all those heavy boxes.

(shall)

(b) She…..spend hours listening to music but she herself ………………. sing at all.

(can)

(c) I………delay sending the telegram. It……….reach her by tonight.

(must)

(d) Hari……………..be the second son of that old man. He.………………..be the third son.

(might)

(e) He……………….take the horse to the pond and he did. However, he……….. make it drink water.

(could)

(f) Lata…………….say a word against him but I…………….

(would)

(g) She…sing if you agree to her terms. If you don’t, she………….

(will)

Ans.

(a) shall not, shall

(b) can, cannot

(c) must not, must

(d) might not, might

(e) could, could not

(f) would not, would

(g) will, will not

3. Rewrite the following sentences to convey the same meaning, using the Modals given in brackets :

कोष्ठक में दिये हुए मॉडल्स का प्रयोग करके निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को उसी प्रकार का अर्थ स्पष्ट करने वाले के रूप में पुनः लिखो –

Example:

Mira had the ability to play the violin when she was eight years old.

(could)

Mira could play the violin when she was eight years old.

(a) I suggest that you see the doctor immediately.

(should)

(b) He was able to sit up all night studying.

(could)

(c) She was in the habit of practising on the Veena for several hours at a stretch.

(would)

(d) Ramu said he was returning to Delhi on the 10th, but I’m not certain about this.

(may)

(e) I’m sure Gita is very pleased with the gift you gave her.

(must)

(f) I don’t think Nina will agree to this, but there is a possibility of her doing so.

(might)

(g) “Please, get me a glass of water, Sheela?” said Arun.

(could)

Ans.

(a) I suggest that you should see the doctor immediately.

(b) He could sit up all night studying.

(c) She would practise on the Veena for several hours at a stretch.

(d) Ramu may say he was returning to Delhi on the 10th but I’m not certain about this.

(e) I’m sure Gita must be pleased with gift you gave her.

(f) I do not think Nina might agree to this, but there is a possibility of her doing so.

(g) “Could you get me a glass of water, Sheela” said Arun.

Q. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

निम्नलिखित गद्यांश को पढ़िये और नीचे दिए हुए प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिये:

There is a lovely old story of a tree and a little boy who used to play in its shade. One day the boy sat leaning against the trunk of the tree crying. He was hungry.

“Eat my fruit,” said the kind tree, bending down one of its branches. The boy ate the fruit and was happy. The boy grew-up. One day he sat under the tree with an anxious look on his face.

“What is the matter?” asked the tree. “I am going to marry and I want a house to live in,” said the young man.

“Cut down my branches and build your house,” said the tree. The young man built a house with the branches of the tree.

The young man became a sailor. One day he sat under the tree with a worried look. “What is the matter?” asked the tree.

“My Captain is a cruel fellow. I want a ship of my own,” said the sailor.

“Cut down my trunk and build a ship.” The sailor lost his ship and returned home as a helpless the old man. On a cold winter’s day he stood where the tree once was, leaning on his stick and trembling with cold.

“Make a fire of me,” said the stump of the tree, “and warm yourself.” The stump of the unselfish tree burnt in the fire, softly humming a tune.

QUESTIONS :

1. What did the little boy use to do at the beginning of the story?

2. How did the tree help the man when he was getting married?

3. Why did the sailor want a ship of his own?

4. What do you learn about trees from this story?

5. Give a suitable title to the story.

ANSWERS :

1. The little boy used to play in the shade of the tree at the beginning of the story.

2. The tree helped the man giving its branches when he was getting married.

3. The sailor wanted a ship of his own because his captain was a cruel fellow.

4. We learn from the story that we should not be selfish.

5. A suitable title is “A Tree and A Little Boy.”

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