UK Board 9 Class English – Grammar
UK Board 9 Class English – Grammar
UK Board Solutions for Class 9th English – Grammar
1. TENSES
| Syllabus: Present with extension |
Forms of the Present Tense
1. Present Tense निम्नलिखित चार प्रकार के होते हैं-
(i) The Simple Present Tense
– I work.
(ii) The Present Continuous Tense
– I am working.
(iii) The Present Perfect Tense
– I have worked.
(iv) The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
– I have been working.
I. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
From
2. Affirmative में Simple Present का क्रिया-रूप infinitive के समान ही होता है, पर third person singular के लिए उसमें ‘s’ जोड़ देते हैं।
संकुचन — क्रिया do को negative और negative interrogative में साधारणतः संकुचित कर दिया जाता है। जैसे-
I don’t work. He doesn’t work. Don’t I work? Doesn’t he work?
वर्तनी नोट – यदि क्रियाएँ ss, sh, ch, x और o में समाप्त होती हैं तो उनको third person singular बनाने के लिए उनमें अकेले s स्थान पर es जोड़ा जाता है; जैसे-
I miss → He misses
I rush → He rushes
I watch → He watches
I box → He boxes
I do → He does
I go → He goes
जब क्रिया y में समाप्त होती है और उससे पहले कोई consonant (व्यंजन) हो, तो y को i में बदलकर उसमें es जोड़ा जाता है। जैसे-
I cry → He cries
I copy → He copies
I carry → He carries
लेकिन यदि y से पहले कोई स्वर (vowel) आए तो सामान्य नियम लागू होता है। जैसे—
I pay → He pays
I obey → He obeys
Uses of The Simple Present Tense
3. Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित को दर्शाने के लिए किया जाता है-
1. Eternal truths (शाश्वत सत्य):
Two and three make five.
The British Isles have a temperate climate.
2. General truths (सामान्य सत्य):
A cube has eight corners.
The sun rises in the east.
The earth rotates on its axis.
3. Habitual actions (आदत का भाव)
He smokes. Dogs bark. Cats drink milk.
4. Repeated actions in the present time(वर्तमान में होने वाले कार्यों की पुनरावृत्ति) :
We go to Gopeshwar every year.
She doesn’t smoke.
She makes her own dresses.
Anil drinks heavily.
I work in two elementary schools.
Do you drink beer?
It rains a lot in Mumbai.
5. Present state (वर्तमान अवस्था):
I’m hungry. Do you like my hat?
We live near Pantnagar.
This soup tastes delicious.
6. Commentaries and self commentaries:
Black passes the ball of Fernandez.
I enclose a form of application.
I apologize for my behaviour.
We thank you for your recent enquiry.
7. Simple Present Tense प्राय: निम्नलिखित adverbs या adverb phrases के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है—
always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes usually, every week, on Sundays, twice a year etc.
How often do you wash your hair?
I go to church on Sundays.
It rains in Tamil Nadu in winter.
The children usually sleep very soundly.
Extension of the Simple Present Tense
4. The Simple Present Tense with past meaning:
1. The historic present
This lady yesterday, she says ‘I can’t believe this.’
Then in comes the barman and tries to stop the fight.
When the curtain rises, Julius Caesar enters. Dickens draws his characters from the underworld of his time.
2. With verbs of communication (hear, inform etc.)
I hear you’ve finished the building project.
I hear that you need an assistant.
Jack tells me that the position is still vacant.
I understand that the game has been postponed.
The Bible prohibits the committing of adultery.
5. The Simple Present Tense with future meaning:
1. For a planned future action or series of action:
The plane leaves for London at eight o’clock tonight.
We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30, spend four hours in Rome.
2. In conditional sentences:
He will do it if you pay him.
If I see Tina, I will ask her.
Unless you take the brake off, the car will not move.
3. In temporal clauses:
I will let you know as soon as I hear from her. When it stops raining, we will go out.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the right tense forms of the verbs given in the brackets:
(कोष्ठक में दी गई क्रियाओं की सही tense form रिक्त स्थान में भरिए — )
1. Archit ……. at five o’clock every day. (get up)
2. My father always …….. his coffee without sugar. (take)
3. I ……… to a movie once a month. (go)
4. Mrs Pant ……… in women’s college. (teach)
5. Ankur always ………. to school punctually. (come)
6. My elder brother seldom ………. to a movie. (go)
7. He sometimes ……… to see a play. (go)
8. The milkman ………. milk in the evening daily. (bring)
9. Doesn’t he usually ………. to his village on foot? (go)
10. They don’t ………. cricket in summer. (play)
II. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(The Present Progressive Tense)
Form
6. Present Continuous Tense की रचना is/am/are + present participle की सहायता से की जाती है।
Uses of the Present Continuous Tense
7. Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग निम्नांकित बातें प्रदर्शित करता है-
1. वह कार्य जो अब हो रहा है-
Look! it is snowing!
The children are sleeping soundly now.
They are living in a rented house.
Why are you sitting at my desk?
2. वह कार्य जो इस समय जारी है पर यह आवश्यक नहीं कि वह कार्य बोले जाने के समय भी हो रहा हो—
I am reading a play by Shaw.
He is teaching English and learning Sanskrit.
She is knitting and listening to the radio.
नोट – जब दो continuous tenses जिनका एक ही कर्त्ता है and से जुड़े हों तो दूसरी verb से पहले auxiliary छोड़ी जा सकती है।
3. अस्थायी स्थिति (temporary situation) व्यक्त करने के लिए-
Only one hospital at Khatima is functioning.
She is spending the summer in Nainital.
I am working as a Headmaster of a Government school.
4. बदलाव (change), प्रवृत्ति (trend), विकास ( development) और प्रगति (progress) व्यक्त करने के लिए-
The village is changing but it is still undisturbed.
Students are buying more Chitra books.
His handwriting is improving.
Our energy demand is increasing at a rate of about 3% per year.
5. Temporary habitual action (स्थायी आदत का भाव) जो नियमित रूप से हो रहा है-
‘You are drinking too much’-‘Only at home. No one sees me but you.’
Do you know if she is still playing tennis these days?
6. With always:
He is always losing his keys.
इस form का प्रयोग मुख्यत: affirmative में किया जाता है। यह annoyance (खीज) का भाव प्रकट करता है।
Extension of the Present Continuous Tense
8. Present Continuous Tense का प्रयोग future दिखाने के लिए निम्नलिखित दो प्रकार से किया जा सकता है-
1. Future resulting from a present intention:
(Future fulfilment of a present intention)
इरादा प्रकट करने के लिए be going to + infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
When are you going to get married?
Tina is going to lend us her camera.
I am going to complain if things don’t improve.
Be going to का प्रयोग करके future result of a present cause’ को भी व्यक्त किया जा सकता है-
I think I am going to faint. (अर्थात् मैं पहले से ही बीमार महसूस कर रहा हूँ।)
It’s going to the rain. (अर्थात् मैं पहले से ही काले बादल घुमड़ते हुए देख रहा हूँ।)
She is going to have a baby.
There is going to be trouble.
You are going to get soaked.
इन वाक्यों से यह भी प्रत्याशा की जाती है कि घटना शीघ्र ही होने वाली है।
2. Future events arising from a present plan, programme, or arrangement (वर्तमान में बनाई गई योजना, कार्यक्रम या व्यवस्था के फलस्वरूप होने वाली भावी घटनाएँ) —
We are inviting several persons to a party.
She is going back to Montreal in a couple of days.
What are you doing for lunch?
The match is starting at 2.30 (tomorrow).
I’m taking the children to the zoo (next week).
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with the right tense forms of the verbs given in brackets. (Use either the Present Simple or the Present Continuous, whichever is suitable):
[कोष्ठक में दी गई क्रियाओं की सही tense form रिक्त स्थान में भरिए । ( Present Simple or Present Continuous ) जो भी उपयुक्त हो, प्रयोग कीजिए -]
1. “Archit ……… (read) for a test. Don’t disturb him.”
2. My sister ……….. (learn) to play the tabla.
3. My father …….. (write) a book. He ……… (expect) to finish it in a fortnight.
4. Our country ……… (make) steady progress in science and technology.
5. My father seldom ………… (wear) a coat. But today he ……….. (wear) one.
6. What are these decorations for? What ……….. (happen) in the school today?
7. The chairman ………. (speak) still. He usually ……….. (make) short speeches, but today he ………. (speak) at some length.
8. Our car …….. (cause) a lot of trouble these days.
9. Kushagra ………… (play) table tennis with some of his friends. He ………. (play) the game very well.
10. Mother ……….. (cook) the dinner. It will be ready in half an hour.
III. The Present Perfect Tense
Form
9. इस Tense की रचना has / have + the past participle की सहायता से की जाती है; जैसे – I have worked.
Regular verbs में simple past और past participle के रूप एक ही होते हैं; जैसे – loved, walked.
Irregular verbs में past participle भिन्न होते हैं।
Negative की रचना auxiliary has / have में not जोड़कर की जाती है।
Interrogative की रचना auxiliary और subject का स्थान बदलकर की जाती है।
Uses of the Present Perfect Tense
10. इस tense को present और past का एक प्रकार का मिश्रण कहा जा सकता है। इसका सदैव present से घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध रहता है।
Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग निम्नांकित बातें प्रदर्शित करता है—
1. जब कोई चीज past में अनिश्चित समय पर हुई हो और हम उसके वर्तमान प्रभाव के बारे में सोचते हैं-
They have raised Rs. 1000/- for a swimming pool.
I have noticed this trait in many photographers.
2. जब कोई कार्य अभी-अभी पूरा हुआ है। ऐसे वाक्यों में just का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
Geeta has just passed her exams.
He has just gone out.
नोट – (1) Just को auxiliary और main verb के बीच में रखा जाता है।
(2) इस रचना का प्रयोग मुख्यत: affirmative में किया जाता है।
(3) इस रचना का प्रयोग negative में साधारणतया नहीं किया जाता।
(4) इस रचना का प्रयोग interrogative में सम्भव है। जैसे-
Has he just gone out?
3. Recent actions के लिए जब समय का उल्लेख न हो – I have read the instructions but I don’t understand them.
Have you had breakfast?
Present Perfect में प्रश्न के संभावित उत्तर निम्नलिखित हो सकते हैं-
नोट – Present Perfect में yet का प्रयोग वर्तमान प्रभाव प्रदर्शित करता है।
He hasn’t come yet. (अत: हम उसकी अब तक प्रतीक्षा कर रहे हैं।)
4. Present Perfect में आप ऐसे adjuncts का प्रयोग नहीं कर सकते जिससे पता चले कि कार्य में past एक निश्चित समय में हुआ। जैसे-
I have done it yesterday. (यहाँ yesterday का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता। )
आप adjunct of duration का प्रयोग नहीं कर सकते हैं। जैसे-
The setters have left the bag forever. (अशुद्ध)
I have often criticized the habit of late coming. (अशुद्ध)
Persent Perfect में ‘since’ और ‘for’ का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है क्योंकि ये adjuncts of duration हैं। इनका प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जा सकता है कि वे निश्चित समय की ओर संकेत करें। जैसे-
Have you really lived here for ten years?
He has worked here since 2004.
5. जब आप किसी चीज के बारे में बात करते हैं जो भविष्य में किसी समय पर होगी, time clauses में present perfect का प्रयोग करते हैं। जैसे—
Tell me when you have finished.
I’ll write to you as soon as I have heard from Manju.
6. Present Perfect Tense में निम्नलिखित adjuncts (= adverb and adverb phrases) का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है-
(i) Just-The train has just arrived at the platform.
(ii) Already He has already had his breakfast.
(iii) Yet My sister has not got up yet.
(iv) So far-The milkman has not come so far.
(v) Lately-He has taken to drinking lately.
(vi) Ever Have you ever seen a white elephant ?
(vii) Never-No, I have never seen one.
(viii) Up to now-He has not been able to finish his homework up to now.
Exercise 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets:
(कोष्ठक में दी गई क्रियाओं की सही tense forms रिक्त स्थान में भरिए — )
1. The train …….. (not arrive) yet. It is late today.
2. You …….. (complete) your work. You can go home now.
3. He sold off his old house last month and ……… (build) a new one.
4. Mr Verma joined the staff of this school in 2002. He …….. (teach) here for twenty years.
5. The prisoners escaped from the jail last week. The police ………. (not arrest) them yet.
6. Since India became independent many other countries ……… (also become) free.
7. My father………… (buy) a car. He bought it last month.
8. How long …….. India …….. a Republic? (be)
9. ………. you ever ………. by air? (travel)
10. How long ………… you ……….. in India? (be)
IV. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form
11. इस tense की रचना have/has + been + present participle की सहायता से की जाती है- I have been working.
इस tense में कार्य की अवधि प्रदर्शित करने के लिए for और since का प्रयोग Present Perfect के समान ही किया जाता है।
The Uses of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
12. इस tense का प्रयोग उस कार्य के लिए किया जाता है जो past में आरम्भ हुआ और अब भी जारी है-
I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up.
I’m so sorry. I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
I’ve been cleaning the windows.
The weather has been getting warmer.
A. निम्नलिखित Simple Present Perfect Sentences को Present Perfect Continuous Sentences में नहीं बदला जा सकता-
They’ve always had a big garden.
How long have you known that?
He’s been in hospital since his accident.
Why ?….. क्योंकि verbs – have, know और be को continuous tenses में सामान्यतः प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता।
नोट- जब इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में time expression (for या since ) नहीं होती, तो simple present perfect एकल पूर्ण कार्य (single completed action) की ओर संकेत करता है।
B. Simple Present Perfect repeated action को Present Perfect Continuous के द्वारा कभी-कभी continuous action के रूप में प्रदर्शित किया जा सकता है-
I’ve written five letters since breakfast.
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast.
I have knocked five times. I don’t think anyone is in.
I’ve been knocking. I don’t think anybody is in.
नोट- Present Perfect Continuous uninterrupted action को प्रदर्शित करता है। हम उसमें number of times या number of things का उल्लेख नहीं करते।
2. MODALS
| Syllabus : have to / had to, must, should, need, ought to and their negative forms |
हम सूचना का आदान-प्रदान केवल सरल कथन कहकर या प्रश्न पूछकर हमेशा नहीं कर सकते। हमें कभी-कभी विनती, प्रस्ताव या सुझाव भी देने पड़ते हैं, या अपनी इच्छाएँ या इरादे प्रदर्शित करने पड़ते हैं। हमें. अपनी भावनाओं को प्रकट करने के लिए विनम्र या व्यवहारकुशल बनना पड़ता है।
1. हम इन सब चीजों को क्रियाओं के एक समुच्चय जिनको modals कहते हैं, के द्वारा कर सकते हैं। ये auxiliary verb का विशेष प्रकार है। हम इनको modal verbs या modal auxiliaries भी कहते हैं।
Special features of modals
(मॉडल के विशेष गुण)
2. मॉडल की निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ होती हैं-
1. Modals के बाद verb की base form का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे-
I must leave soon.
I think it will be rather nice.
2. Modals do not inflect. अर्थात् modals की ‘-s’, ‘-ing’ या ‘-ed’ form नहीं होती। जैसे-
There’s nothing I can do about it.
I am sure he can do it.
3. Negative बनाने के लिए modal के तुरन्त बाद negative word जैसे ‘not’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे—
You must not worry.
I cannot go back.
4. Questions बनाने के लिए modal को subject से पहले रखा जाता है। जैसे—
Could you give me an example?
Why could they not leave her alone?
5. Modals का प्रयोग question tags में किया जाता है। जैसे-
They can’t all be right, can they ?
It would be handy, wouldn’t it ?
6. किसी verb group में modal सदा सबसे पहले रखा जाता है। जैसे-
I must leave fairly soon
People may be watching.
7. कभी-कभी modal के बाद में primary auxiliary verb ‘have’ या ‘be’ की base form आती है, तत्पश्चात् participle आता है।
जब modal के बाद be + present participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो उससे प्रदर्शित होता है कि आप present या future के बारे में बात कर रहे हैं। जैसे—
People may be watching.
The play will be starting soon.
जब modal के बाद.have + past participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो उससे प्रदर्शित होता है कि आप past के बारे में बात कर रहे है।
She may have gone already.
You must have heard of him.
Modal के बाद में primary auxiliary ‘do’ या अन्य modal का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता।
Use of Modal
Have to, has to, had to
3. I have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it, I am obliged to do it.
‘have to’ का प्रयोग आवश्यकता प्रदर्शित करता है, जिसको करना हमारा दायित्व बन जाता है :
I’ll be late for work tomorrow, I have to go to the dentist.
Anil starts work at 7 o’clock, so he has to get up at 6.
You have to pass a test before you can get a driving licence.
4. The past (yesterday/last week etc.) is had to Have to has to की past form had to होती है। जैसे—
I was late for work yesterday. I had to go to the dentist.
We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.
5. Questions और negatives में वर्तमान में do/does और भूतकाल में did का प्रयोग किया जाता है :
What time do you have to go to the dentist tomorrow ?
Does Anil have to work on Sundays?
Why did they have to leave the party early?
I don’t have to (do something) = it is not necessary to do it :
I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.
Tina doesn’t have to work very hard. She’s got an easy job.
We didn’t have to wait very long for the bus.
Must and Have to
6. Must का प्रयोग भी have to के प्रयोग की भाँति आवश्यकता प्रदर्शित करता है; अत: must के स्थान पर have to का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
जब कोई काम करना आवश्यक है और आप अपनी राय देना चाहते हैं तो must या have to का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं—
It’s a fantastic film. You must see it, or you have to see it.
जब आप अपनी राय देना नहीं चाहते तो have to का प्रयोग कीजिए (must का नहीं) –
Jill won’t be at work this afternoon. She has to go to the doctor. (यह मेरी राय नहीं है, यह तथ्य है ।)
In many countries, men have to do military service.
(यह मेरी राय नहीं है—उन देशों का यह कानून है।)
Exercise 1
1. Complete the sentences. Use ‘have to’ or ‘has to’ + one of these verbs :
(वाक्य पूरे कीजिए। have to या has to + निम्न में से एक verb का प्रयोग कीजिए —)
do read speak travel wear
1. My eyes are not very good. I have to wear glasses
2. At the end of the course all the students ………. a test.
3. Mary is studying literature. She ……….. a lot of books.
4. Albert doesn’t understand much English. You ……….. very slowly to him.
5. Kate is not often at home. She ……… a lot in her job.
2. Complete the sentences. Use ‘have to’ or ‘had to’ + one of these verbs:
(वाक्य पूरे कीजिए । have to या had to + निम्न में से एक verb का प्रयोग कीजिए – )
answer buy change go walk
1. We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.
2. It’s late. I ………. now. I’ll see you tomorrow.
3. I went to the supermarket after work yesterday. I …….. some food.
4. This train doesn’t go all the way to London. You ………. at Bristol.
5. We did an exam yesterday. We ……… six questions out of ten.
3. Complete the questions. Some are present and some are past:
(प्रश्न पूरे कीजिए। इनमें कुछ present हैं और कुछ past हैं -)
1. I have to get up early tomorrow.
What time do you have to get up?
2. George had to wait a long time.
How long …………………..?
3. Liz has to so somewhere.
Where ……………………….?
4. We had to pay a lot of money.
How much …………………?
5. I have to do some work.
What exactly ……………..?
Must
Modal verb must का प्रयोग present या future के लिए किया जाता है। Must का past tense नहीं होता। Past tense में इसका भाव प्रदर्शित करने के लिए ‘had to’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Must का प्रयोग speaker की authority (अधिकार) प्रदर्शित करता है। External obligation प्रदर्शित करने के लिए ‘have to’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Use of Must
1. Must का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित प्रदर्शित करने के लिए किया जाता है-
1. Obligation (दायित्व)
The windows are very dirty. I must clean them.
It’s a fantastic film. You must see it.
We must go to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.
Father : You must get up earlier in the morning.
Mother: You must wipe your feet when you come in.
2. Emphatic advice (सुस्पष्ट परामर्श)
Father : You must take more exercise. Join a squash club.
Mother : You must wear a dress tonight. You can’t go to the opera in those dreadful jeans.
Employer : You must use a dictionary. I’m tired to correcting your spelling mistakes.
Doctor : You must cut down on your smoking.
3. Belief (धारणा)
Oh, you must be Mamta’s husband.
This article must have been written by a woman.
The Principal must be in his office at this time. She must be twenty now.
4. Intentions (इरादे)
अपना महत्त्वपूर्ण इरादा व्यक्त करने के लिए ‘I’ के साथ ‘must’ का प्रयोग करें-
I must leave fairly soon.
I must ask her about that.
I haven’t seen her for ages. I must phone her up.
Mustn’t/must not
I mustn’t (do something) = it is necessary not to do it, it is the wrong thing to do.
2. Must not का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित बातें प्रदर्शित करता है-
1. Things necessary not to do: (चीजें जिनका न करना आवश्यक है— )
I must hurry. I mustn’t be late.
I mustn’t forget to phone Tina. (= I must remember to phone her)
Be happy! You mustn’t be sad. (= don’t be sad)
2. Undesirable actions (अवांछनीय कार्य):
Must not का प्रयोग अधिक दृढ़तापूर्वक कहने के लिए किया जाता है कि कोई चीज स्वीकार नहीं की जा सकती या वह वांछनीय नहीं है।
You must rot accept it.
You must not do that.
You must not breathe a word of this to any one.
3. Prohibition (निषेध)
You mustn’t touch the pictures. (= don’t touch the pictures)
Zoo Notice : Visitors must not feed the animals.
Railway Notice : Passengers must not walk on the line.
You mustn’t drive fast. There is a speed limit here,
You mustn’t strike a match. This room is full of gas.
School Notice: The lifts must not be used during Fire Drill.
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs:
(वाक्य पूरे कीजिए । must + निम्न में से एक verb का प्रयोग कीजिए— )
be, go, go, learn, meet, wash, win
1. We must go to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.
2. Morilyn is a very interesting person. You …….. her.
3. My hands are dirty. I ………. them.
4. You ………. to drive. It will be very useful.
5. I ………… to the post office. I need some stamps.
6. The game tomorrow is very important for us. We ………….
7. You can’t always have things immediately. You ……….. patient.
Should and Should Not
1. Should के साथ infinitive form (first form of the verb) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे- should do, should watch.
2. (You) should do something = it is a good thing to do, it is the right thing to do.
Should का प्रयोग ‘यह करना अच्छा है’ और ‘यह करना ठीक है’ का भाव प्रदर्शित करता है।
Tom should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed very late and he is always tired.
It is a good film. You should go and see it.
When you play tennis you should always watch the ball.
3. (You) shouldn’t do something = it is not a good thing to do.
Shouldn’t का प्रयोग ‘यह करना अच्छा नहीं है’ और ‘यह करना ठीक नहीं है’ का भाव प्रदर्शित करता है।
Tom shouldn’t go to bed so late.
You watch TV all the time. You shouldn’t watch TV so much.
Uses of should and Shouldn’t
4. Should और shouldn’t का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित बातें प्रदर्शित करता है—
1. Advice या opinion देने के लिए-
You look tired. You should go to bed.
The government should do move the help homeless people.
‘Should we invite Sushila to the party?’ ‘Yes, I think we should.’
You shouldn’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.
2. जब कोई चीज ठीक न हो या हम जिसकी आशा करते हैं, तो हम should का प्रयोग करते हैं-
I wonder where Tina is. She should be here by now. (she isn’t here yet, and this is not normal) The price on this packet is wrong. It should be Rs. 1.20, not Rs. 1.50.
Those boys shouldn’t be playing football at this time. They should be at school.
3. Expectation (प्रत्याशा) : जब हम किसी चीज के होने की प्रत्याशा करते हैं तो should का प्रयोग करते हैं-
She has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass. (= I expect her to pass)
There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldn’t be difficult to find somewhere to stay. (= I do not expect that it will be difficult.)
4. किसी चीज का करना ठीक होता पर आपने वह नहीं की—यह भाव प्रदर्शित करने के लिए should have + past participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है-
I was a great party last night. You should have come. Why didn’t you? (आप नहीं आए आपका आना अच्छा होता।)
I am feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate. (मैंने बहुत ज्यादा चॉकलेट खाईं।)
I wonder why they are so late. They should have been here an hour ago.
She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private.
⇒ Must is stronger than should:
It’s a good film. You should go and see it.
It’s a fantastic film. You must go and see it.
नोट— Should के स्थान पर ought to का भी प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।
Exercise 3
Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs:
(वाक्य पूरे कीजिए। You should + निम्न में से एक verb भरिए-)
clean, go, take, visit, watch, wear
1. When you play tennis, ……….. the ball.
2. It’s late and you are very tired ………. to bed.
3. ………. your teeth twice a day.
4. If you have time, ………… the Science Museum. It is very interesting.
5. When you are driving ………… a seat belt.
6. It’s too far to walk from here to the station …………. a taxi.
Need and Needn’t
Need auxiliary भी हो सकती है और ordinary verb भी।
Auxiliary के रूप में इसको semi-modal कहा जाता है। Modal के रूप में इसकी forms need और needn’t need not होती हैं। इनका प्रयोग present और future में सभी persons के साथ किया जा सकता है।
Need के साथ verb की first form (bare infinitive) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
1. Auxiliary के रूप में Need का प्रयोग Negative और Interrogative sentences में किया जाता है, Affirmative में नहीं।
Uses of Need and Needn’t
Interrogative :
Need he contact you every day?
Need I tell him again?
Need I tell Tom to see you?
Negative 1. Needn’t expresses the speaker’s authority or
advice : (यह वक्ता का अधिकार या परामर्श प्रदर्शित करता है।)
You needn’t write me another cheque. Just change the date and initial it.
I am in no hurry. He needn’t sent it by air. He can sent it by sea.
You needn’t do it by hand. I’ll lend you my machine.
College lecturer: You needn’t type your essays but you must write legibly.
Doctor: You needn’t go on a diet; but you must eat sensibly and you mustn’t overeat.
2. Needn’t shows the absense of necessity (इससे किसी चीज को करने की आवश्यकता का अभाव व्यक्त होता है। )
I needn’t (do something) = it is not necessary to do it. I don’t need to do it.
I needn’t clean the window. They aren’t very dirty.
You needn’t go to the bank today. I can give you some money.
Compare needn’t and mustn’t:
You needn’t go. You can stay here if you want.
You mustn’t go. You must stay here.
Exercise 4
Complete the sentence. Use ‘mustn’t’ or ‘needn’t’ + one of these verbs:
(वाक्य पूरे कीजिए | mustn’t या needn’t निम्न में से एक verb का प्रयोग कीजिए— )
clean, forget, hurry, lose, wait, write
1. The windows aren’t very dirty you ……… them.
2. We have a lot of time. We ……….
3. Keep these documents in a safe place. You …….. them.
4. I’m not ready yet but you ……….. for me. You can go now and I’ll come later.
5. We ………. to turn off the lights before we leave.
6. I ………… the letter now. I can do it tomorrow.
Ought and Oughtn’t
1. Ought के साथ to infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Ought का प्रयोग present और future में किया जाता है।
Ought का प्रयोग past में भी किया जाता है जब उससे पहले कोई verb in a past tense हो या उसके बाद में perfect infinitive का प्रयोग हो । जैसे-
I ought to write to him today.
I ought to write to him tomorrow.
I knew I ought to write to him.
She said I ought to write.
I know that I ought to have written.
I knew that I ought to have written.
नोट — ‘Ought’ को ‘ought to’ के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है|
Uses of Ought and Oughtn’t
2. Ought का प्रयोग निम्न भाव प्रकट करता है-
1. Moral Obligation ( नैतिक दायित्व)
We ought to do our duty honestly.
You ought to pay your fee in time.
He ought to have told me this earlier
We ought not to deceive anyone.
2. Belief based on study (अध्ययन के आधार पर धारणा) :
He ought to be present there.
Mr Nautyal has taught English for a number of years.
He ought to be a good teacher of English.
Ought के प्रयोग में speaker द्वारा subject को केवल यह याद दिलाया जाता है कि subjects की क्या duty है अथवा उसके द्वारा क्या कार्य करना अपेक्षित या वांछनीय है।
3. व्यावहारिक दृष्टि से ought तथा should के प्रयोग में बहुत समानता है।
हम निम्नलिखित तीन मुख्य विधियों से should और ought का प्रयोग करते हैं-
1. When you are talking about what is a good thing to do, or the right thing to do:
We should send her a postcard.
We shouldn’t spend all the money.
He ought to come more often.
You ought not to see him again.
2. When you are trying to advise someone about what to do or what not to do:
You should claim your pension 3-4 months before you retire.
You shouldn’t use a delegant.
You ought to get a new TV.
You oughtn’t to marry him.
3. When you are giving or asking for an opinion about a situation, you often use ‘I think’, ‘I don’t think’, or ‘Do you think’ to start the sentence.
I think that we should be paid more.
I don’t think we ought to grumble.
Do you think he ought not to go?
What do you think we should do?
Exercise 5
Complete the following sentences using you ought to’ or ‘you ought not to’:
(निम्नांकित वाक्य पूरे कीजिए, you ought to या you ought not to का प्रयोग कीजिए— )
1. ………….. drive carefully on a busy road.
2. …………. eat between meals if you want to lose weight.
3. …………. pay your bills regularly.
4. …………. be selfish.
5. ……….… smoke too heavily.
6. ………… go to the dentist’s regularly.
7. ………… lie in bed late every day.
8. ……….. clean your teeth at least twice a day.
9. ……….. eat a lot of sugar.
10. ……… be more careful.
Exercise 6
Q.I. Rewrite these sentences using ‘should have’ or ‘shouldn’t have’:
( इन वाक्यों को पुनः लिखिए, should have या shouldn’t have का प्रयोग कीजिए – )
1. Why didn’t you phone to say you’d be late ?
………………………………………………………………..
2. I wish they hadn’t made such a mess.
………………………………………………………………..
3. I wish I had got home earlier.
………………………………………………………………..
4. We didn’t read the instructions carefully.
………………………………………………………………..
5. Why did you spend so much money?
………………………………………………………………..
6. I wish you had told me you were coming.
………………………………………………………………..
7. It was very bad of them to make such a noise.
………………………………………………………………..
8. Archit left the restaurant without pay his bill.
………………………………………………………………..
9. I wish Rishabh had explained what he was doing.
………………………………………………………………..
10. Why didn’t you send Tina a birthday card?
………………………………………………………………..
Q.II. Now rewrite the first five sentences using ‘ought to have’ or ‘ought not to have’:
(Ought to have या ought not to have का प्रयोग करके पहले पाँच वाक्य पुन: लिखिए – )
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES
Exercise 1
(1) 2. have to do
3. has to read
4. have to speak
5. has to travel
(2) 2. have to go
3. had to buy
4. have to change
5. had to answer
(3) 2. did he have to wait
3. does she have to go
4. did you have to pay
5. do you have to do.
Exercise 2
2. must meet
3. must wash
4. must learn
5. must go
6. must win
7. must be
Exercise 3
1. You should watch
2. You should go
3. You should clean
4. You should visit
5. You should wear
6. You should take
Exercise 4
1. needn’t clean
2. needn’t hurry
3. mustn’t lose
4. needn’t wait
5. mustn’t forget
6. needn’t write
Exercise 5
1. You ought to
2. You ought not to
3. You ought to
4. You ought not to
5. You ought not to
6. You ought to
7. You ought not to
8. You ought to
9. You ought not to
10. You ought to
Exercise 6
Q. I.
1. You should have phoned to say you’d be late.
2. They shouldn’t have made such a mess.
3. I should have got home earlier.
4. We should have read the instructions carefully.
5. You shouldn’t have spent so much money.
6. You should have told me you were coming.
7. They shouldn’t have made such a noise.
8. Archit shouldn’t have left the restaurant without paying his bill.
9. Rishabh should have explained what he was doing.
10. You shouldn’t have sent Tina a birthday card.
Q. II.
1. You ought to have phoned to say you’d be late.
2. They ought not to have made such a mess.
3. I ought to have got home earlier.
4. We ought to have read the instructions carefully.
5. You ought not to have spent so much money.
3. USE OF PASSIVE VOICE
| Syllabus: Use of Passive Voice |
1. निम्नलिखित वाक्य पढ़िए-
My parents were regarded as an ideal couple.
I was asked to go and sit on the back bench.
Such problems have to be confronted.
इन वाक्यों में तिरछे अक्षरों में अंकित क्रियाएँ Verb be की forms तथा past participle से बनाई गई हैं।
उदाहरणार्थ,
were + regarded (were, be की past form है|)
was + asked (was, be की past form है|)
be + confronted (be present form है|)
उपर्युक्त वाक्य हमारा ध्यान इस तथ्य की ओर केन्द्रित करते हैं कि क्या होता है (what happens), अपेक्षाकृत इस बात के कि कौन क्या करता है (who does what ) । ध्यान दीजिए इन वाक्यों में कार्य का कर्त्ता (doer of the action) शामिल नहीं किया गया है।
यदि कार्य के कर्त्ता का उल्लेख आवश्यक है तो हम उसे by-phrase द्वारा कर सकते हैं। उदाहरणार्थ,
The tree was struck by lightning.
The flag was unfurled by the Chief Guest.
ये पाँचों वाक्य जो उदाहरणों में अंकित किए गए हैं, Passive voice में हैं।
2. हम Active voice का प्रयोग यह कहने के लिए करते हैं कि कर्त्ता क्या करता है (what the subject does) :
My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1980.
It’s a big company, it employs two hundred people.
हम Passive voice का प्रयोग यह कहने के लिए करते हैं कि कर्त्ता के साथ क्या बीतती है (What happens to the subject) :
This house is quite old. It was built in 1980.
Two hundred people are employed by the company.
3. जब हम Passive voice का प्रयोग करते तो कार्य का कर्त्ता (who does the action) या कार्य होने का क्या कारण है (what causes the action) प्राय: अज्ञात होते हैं या उनका कोई महत्त्व नहीं होता।
A lot of money was stolen in the robbery.
(किसी ने धन चुराया पर हम नहीं जानते किसने चुराया। )
Is this room cleaned every day?
(क्या कोई प्रतिदिन कमरे की सफाई करता है ? — यह महत्त्वपूर्ण नहीं है कि कौन करता है ? )
Changing Active Voice into Passive Voice
4. Active voice को Passive voice में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों की जानकारी होनी चाहिए-
1. Voice बदलने से पहले वाक्य की verb को रेखांकित करके उसका object तथा subject भी चिह्नित कर लेना चाहिए ।
2. Verb को Passive Voice में बदलिए और देखिए कि क्या वह वाक्य में ठीक बैठती है। उदाहरणार्थ, क्रिया break की Passive Voice निम्नलिखित होती है-
is broken, are broken, am broken, is being broken, are being broken, has been broken, have been broken etc.
यह Active Voice के वाक्य की verb के tense पर निर्भर करता है।
3. Passive Voice में verb Active Voice की verb से मेल खाती होनी चाहिए।
4. Auxiliary verbs के साथ Past Participle का प्रयोग करना अनिवार्य है।
5. Active Voice का subject Passive Voice में object हो जाता है और Active Voice का object Passive Voice में subject हो जाता है।
5. Tense परिवर्तन के लिए निम्नांकित तालिका को ध्यानपूर्वक याद कीजिए-
| S.No. | Tense | Verb-form |
| 1. | Present Simple | is/are/am + third form of the main verb. |
| 2. | Past Simple | was/were + third form. |
| 3. | Present Continuous | is/are/am + being + third form. |
| 4. | Past Continuous | was/were + being + third form. |
| 5. | Present Perfect | has/have + been + third form. |
| 6. | Past Perfect | had + been + third form. |
| 7. | Will/shall | will/shall + be + third form. |
| 8. | Will have/shall have | will/shall + have been + third form. |
नोट – तीनों tense में Perfect Continuous form की तथा Future Continuous tense की Passive Voice नहीं होती। इस प्रकार tenses के केवल आठ प्रकारों की ही Passive Voice बनती हैं।
निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन को भी याद रखिए –
1. Subject he का Passive में object him बन जाता है।
2. Subject she का Passive में object her बन जाता है।
3. Subject they का Passive में object them बन जाता है।
4. Subject I का Passive में object me बन जाता है।
5. Wh-question में who का Passive में by whom हो जाता है।
6. Active voice की please का Passive में you are requested हो जाता है।
Passive voice के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को deal किया जाता है-
1. Assertive sentences
2. Interrogative sentences
3. Imperative sentences.
Table I
6. Present and Past:
Table II
7. Will/can/must/have to etc.
Table III
8. Interrogative Sentences
नोट—Active Voice में बहुत-से questions Do, Does और Did से शुरू हुए हैं, परन्तु Passive Voice में tense के अनुरूप to be क्रिया के रूप का ही प्रयोग किया गया है।
Exercise 1
Change the following sentences so that the Verbs will be in the Passive Voice:
(Passive Voice में बदलिए – )
1. We saw you and him.
2. They asked me my name.
3. We refused them admission.
4. I bought the baby a doll.
5. They found him guilty of murder.
6. A hot weather often turns milk sour.
7. You cannot pump the ocean dry.
8. They saw the storm approaching.
9. He keeps me waiting.
10. They painted the house red.
11. He told me to leave the room.
12. He promised me a present.
13. I shall order the carriage.
14. The boy is climbing the cliff.
15. One may accomplish many things by a little effort.
16. I am watching you very carefully.
Exercise 2
The following sentences are taken from job advertisements. Put the verb in brackets after the ‘modal in the sentences, using the correct passive form of the verb :
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को वास्तविक नौकरी विज्ञापन से लिया गया है। क्रिया की सही Passive form का प्रयोग करके उसकी वाक्यों में modal के पश्चात् कोष्ठक में लिखिए )
1. Application forms should ……… by 12 December. (return)
2. Further particulars may ……… from the Senior Tutor. (obtain)
3. Only candidates with relevant experience can …….. (consider)
4. You would ………. to take part in some sports. (expect)
5. This post will ………. initially for three years. (fund)
6. Names of two referees should ………… (give)
7. Interviews will ………. in early January. (hold)
8. Applications should ………. on this form only. (make)
9. Teachers might ……… accommodation in college. (offer)
10. Teachers will not ………. travelling allowances. (give)
Exercise 3
Rewrite the following passive sentences in another way to passive form:
(निम्नलिखित passive sentences को दूसरी प्रकार से passive form में पुन: लिखिए – )
1. I was shown their letters of appointment.
2. I was sent full details of the job.
3. They were all presented with signed certificates.
4. A free sight seeing trip is offered to all passengers.
5. Drinks and snacks have been given to everyone in our group.
6. She was brought the news of their success yesterday evening.
7. The bill was paid by his mother for him.
8. The letter was posted to me by my mother.
9. Jack was passed a message by Ralph.
10. Some old clothes were found for the beggar by them.
4. SUBJECT-VERB CONCORD
| Syllabus: Subject-verb concord |
1. क्रिया को उसके subject के number और person के अनुसार आना चाहिए। जैसे—
Verb को third person singular बनाने के लिए उसमें -s, -es जोड़ दिया जाता है। जैसे—
अत: subject और उसकी verb के बीच सामंजस्य (concord) होना चाहिए। जैसे—
I have a good bat. (first person singular)
She has a pretty doll. (third person singular)
Have का third person singular has होता है। जैसे—
I am a student, (first person singular)
You are a farmer. (second person singular)
She is an actress. (third person singular)
I, you और she तीनों subjects singular हैं, परन्तु I के लिए am, you के लिए are और she के लिए is का प्रयोग किया जाता है। ये verbs अपने subjects से agree करती हैं।
2. जब दो या अधिक singular subjects को and द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तो सामान्यतः क्रिया plural में प्रयोग की जाती है। जैसे— .
Archit and Kushagra are brothers.
Ankur, Rishabh and Harsh go to the same school.
He and his brother always fight.
Fire and water do not agree.
3. यदि दो singular nouns एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु की ओर संकेत करते हैं, तो क्रिया एकवचन आनी चाहिए। जैसे-
My friend and partner has been ill.
My uncle and teacher lives in this house.
The orator and statesman is dead.
नोट- ऐसी दशा में determiner केवल पहले noun से पूर्व प्रयोग किया जाता है। यदि दोनों nouns से पूर्व determiner आता है, तो वे दो भिन्न व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की ओर संकेत करते हैं, तब क्रिया plural आती है। जैसे—
The orator and the statesman are dead.
4. यदि दो subjects संयुक्त रूप से एक ही विचार प्रदर्शित करते हैं, तो क्रिया singular आनी चाहिए। जैसे-
Bread and milk is his favourite breakfast.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
5. यदि and द्वारा जुड़े singular subjects से पहले each या every determiner आता है, तो क्रिया सामान्यत: singular आती है। जैसे—
Every boy and girl was present in the class.
Each day and each hour brings its duty.
Every man, woman and child was lost during the flood.
6. यदि दो या अधिक subjects or, nor, either…..or अथवा neither…..nor में जुड़े हों तो क्रिया अंतिम subject के अनुसार प्रयोग की जाती है। जैसे-
Rama or his brothers have done this.
Raman or his sister has done this.
Either the boy or his parents have made mistake Neither the players nor the referee was in the playground.
नोट – Plural subject को verb के पास रखना चाहिए।
7. यदि दो subjects ‘as well as’ से जुड़ें हों, तो क्रिया पहले subject के अनुसार प्रयोग की जाती है। जैसे-
He as well as his parents was present in the school function.
The parents and their daughter were busy in the preparation.
8. एक collective noun को जब as a whole (एक इकाई के रूप में) प्रयोग करते हैं, तो उसके साथ क्रिया singular आती है और यदि वह as individual members (सदस्य जिनसे वह बनी हैं के रूप में) प्रयोग की जाती है, तो क्रिया plural आती है। जैसे-
Our family is very small. (as a whole)
My family are early risers. (as individuals)
The crew was large. (as a whole)
The crew were taken prisoners. (as individuals)
The jury was unanimous on the point. (as a whole)
The jury were divided in their opinions. (as individuals)
9. Either, neither, each, everyone, many a के पश्चात् क्रिया singular आती है। जैसे-
Either of the two books is useful for you.
Neither of the two pens writes smoothly.
Each of these students has done his best.
Each one of these men is reliable.
Every one of the students has passed.
Many a man distroys his life in foolish pursuits.
Many a man is tempted by gold.
10. क्रिया असली subject के अनुसार आनी चाहिए। जैसे—
The quality of the mangoes was good. (यहाँ असली subject quality है। )
The cost of all the vegetables rises during monsoons.
A series of lectures has been delivered in the college.
11. जब कोई Plural noun किसी विशिष्ट मात्रा या राशि, जो समग्र समझी जाती है, को प्रदर्शित करती है तो क्रिया सामान्यतः singular आती है। जैसे-
Two-thirds of the course has been completed. (not have)
A thousand rupees is a good sum. (not are)
Four weeks is a good holiday. (not are)
⇒ इसी प्रकार titles of books और names of sciences के साथ भी क्रिया singular आती है। जैसे—
The Great Expectations is a good novel. (not are)
The Arabian Nights is an interesting book. (not are)
The United States has a big navy. (not have)
Mathematics is a difficult subject. (not are)
Physics is an interesting science. (not are)
Economics is a useful subject. (not are)
12. कुल nouns देखने में plural लगते हैं पर उनको अर्थ की दृष्टि से singular समझा जाता है, उनके साथ क्रिया singular आती है। जैसे-
The news was true.
The summons was served by the court.
The wages of sin is death.
13. कुछ nouns देखने में singular होते हैं, परन्तु अर्थ में plural, उनके साथ क्रिया plural आती है। जैसे—
The cattle are grazing.
The police have arrested three terrorists.
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verb:
(रिक्त स्थानों में verb की सही form भरिए — )
1. Three-fourths of the house ………. destroyed. (was/were)
2. The quality of the pens …….. not good. (was/were)
3. Five thousand rupees ……… a good sum. (is/are)
4. None but the brave ……… the fair. (deserves/deserve)
5. Which one of those books ……… yours? (is/are)
6. Either Manju or her brothers ………. at fault. (is/are)
7. The dancer and the singer ……. arrived. (has/have)
8. Each of the boys ……… given an apple. (was/were)
9. A large number of children ……… present at the meeting. (was/were)
10. ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ ………. written by Swift. (was/were)
11. The great poet and singer ………. dead. (is/are)
12. Many a man ………. present. (was/were)
13. One of the thieves ……… caught. (was/were)
14. Two and three …….. five. (make/makes)
15. Archit, as well as his friends, ……… guilty. (is/are)
Exercise 2
Select the correct form of the verb shown in brackets in each sentence and write it in the space opposite :
(प्रत्येक वाक्य में कोष्ठक में दी गई क्रिया का सही रूप चुनिए और उसके सामने दिए गए स्थान पर लिखिए – )
1. Two thousand rupees (is/are) a good sum. ( )
2. Slow and steady (win/wins) the race. ( )
3. A large number of women (was/were) present at the meeting. ( )
4. More than forty boys (was/were) present at the meeting. ( )
5. None but the brave (deserves/deserve) the fair. ( )
6. Time and tide (waits/wait) for none. ( )
7. A knowledge of modern languages (is/are) essential these days. ( )
8. Three-fourths of the house (was/were) burnt to ashes. ( )
9. The teacher as well as the Headmaster (was/were) present. ( )
10. The king with all his ministers (was/were) killed. ( )
11. Either John or his brothers (is/are) at fault. ( )
12. The accountant and the treasurer (has/have) absconded. ( )
13. Not one of these five boys (was/were) present there. ( )
14. Neither of the girls (has/have) brought her book. ( )
15. Which one of these umbrellas (is/are) yours? ( )
5. SENTENCE-REORDERING
| Syllabus Sentence-reordering |
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
प्रत्येक वाक्य के दो मुख्य भाग होते हैं, वे expressed ( व्यक्त ) या understood (अव्यक्त) हो सकते हैं। ये भाग हैं-
1. Subject
2. Predicate
वे शब्द जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु को निर्दिष्ट करते हैं, जिसके विषय में हम कुछ बात कहते है, Subject of the sentence कहलाते हैं।
वे शब्द जो निर्दिष्ट करते हैं कि हम subject के विषय में क्या कहते हैं, Predicate of the sentence कहलाते हैं।
Govind Vallabh Pant was a great statesman.
उपर्युक्त वाक्य में ‘Govind Vallabh Pant’ subject of the sentence, है, और was a great statesman’ predicate of the sentence हैं।
निम्नलिखित तालिका को ध्यान से पढ़िए-
ORDER OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATE
Word Order in a Subject
Subject के निम्नलिखित चार भाग होते हैं-
1. Determiner
2. Adjective
3. Noun (Main subject)
4. Adjective phrase
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को पढ़िए-
1. The early bird catches the worm.
2. A guilty conscience needs no excuse.
3. The red flowers in the vase are beautiful.
4. A few good boys in my class take interest in games.
Word Order in a Predicate
Predicate के निम्नलिखित पाँच भाग होते हैं-
1. Verb
2. Indirect object
3. Direct object
4. Complement (Subject/object)
5. Averb / adverbials.
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को पढ़िए-
1. The boy stood on the burning deck.
2. He was a man of might.
3. Miss Anku was rude at the table one day.
4. Edison invented the phonograph.
5. We call him a hero.
6. The teacher taught us English in the first period.
उपर्युक्त वाक्यों को तालिका के रूप में अंकित किया गया है, इनको ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़िए-
नोट- 1. सामान्यतः वाक्य में predicate part verb से शुरू होता है।
2. वाक्यों में सामान्यत: Indirect object को Direct object से पहले रखा जाता है। वाक्य 6 देखिए। यदि इनका क्रम बदलना हो तो Indirect object से पहले to/for preposition रखा जाता है।
3. Objective complement को indirect object के बाद में रखा जाता है। वाक्य 5 देखिए ।
4. Transitive verb को Object की आवश्यकता होती है। उसे कभी-कभी दोनों Object – indirect और direct की आवश्यकता हो सकती है। वाक्य 6 देखिए ।
5. Verb ‘to be’ को subject complement की आवश्यकता पड़ती है।
Order of Subject and Predicate in different sentences
1. Assertive Sentences
सामान्यतः assertive sentences में subject को verb से पहले रखा जाता है। लेकिन कभी-कभी subject को बलशाली बनाने के लिए उसको predicate के बाद मे रखते हैं। जैसे-
(i) Sweet are the uses of adversity. [The uses of adversity/are sweet]
(ii) Blessed are the merciful. (The merciful/are blessed.]
जिन वाक्यो की introductory there से आरम्भ किया जाता है, वहाँ असली Subject वाक्य के अत या मध्य मे भी रखा जा सकता है; जैसे-
(i) Once there was a king.
(ii) There is a fly in my tea.
2. Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences मे Subject को Verb के बाद रखा जाता है; जैसे-
(i) Did you see the film?
(ii) Is she going to weep?
(iii) When will you be at home?
(iv) Whom are you going to vote ?
3. Imperative Sentences
Imperative sentences मे subject प्राय: छिपा रहता है; जैसे-
(i) Do this. [यहाँ subject ‘you’ छिपा हुआ है ।]
(ii) Thank you. [यहाँ subject ‘I’ छिपा हुआ है । ]
(iii) Thank him. [ यहाँ subject ;you’ छिपा हुआ है।]
(iv) Kushagra, call the father. [ यहाँ ‘you’ के स्थान पर ‘Kushagra’ का प्रयोग हुआ है। ‘Kushagra’ का vocative case है । ]
(v) Show me how to do it. [ यहाँ subject ‘you’ छिपा हुआ है । ]
4. Exclamatory Sentences
Exclamatory sentences में subject छिपा रहता है और predicate का भी कोई भाग छिपा रहता है। जैसे-
How beautiful ! [It is very beautiful.]
What a nice chap you are ! [ You are a nice chap.]
Shame ! Shame !! [You did a deed of shame.]
निम्नलिखित वाक्य ध्यान से पढ़िए-
इस वाक्य में subject और object का स्थान बदल दिया गया है। ऐसा करने से वाक्य का अर्थ विपरीत हो गया है।
नोचे Assertive Sentence का structure दिया है, इसे ध्यान से देखिए –
S + V + O + A
जहाँ S = subject; V = verb: O = object; A = adverb हैं।
इस structure को समझाने के लिए नीचे एक solved exercise दी गई है-
Q. Put the following words and phrases in the. right order to make sentences. The letters in brackets show the structure of the sentences:
(अग्रलिखित शब्दों और वाक्यांशो को सही क्रम में रखकर वाक्य बनाइए । कोष्ठक में रखे अक्षर वाक्यों का structure प्रदर्शित करते है – )
1. a bone/the dog/ate./(S+V+O)
Ans. The dog ate a bone.
2. everybody/hard/worked./(S+V+A)
Ans. Everybody worked hard.
3. The cat/the mouse/caught./(S+V+O)
Ans. The cat caught the mouse.
4. Children/kittens/love./(S+V+0)
Ans. Children love kittens.
5. a new dress/Mary/bought/yesterday./(
Ans. Mary bought a new dress yesterday.
6. the film/all of us/last night/enjoyed./(S+V+O+A)
Ans. All of us enjoyed the film last night.
7. her car/Prinity/to the airport/drove./(S+V+O+A)
Ans. Prinity drove her car to the airport.
8. a cup of coffee/Mike/after lunch/drank./(S+V+O+A)
Ans. Mike drank a cup of coffee after lunch.
SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES
Q. Frame correct sentences by reordering the words in the fore written sentences:
(निम्नलिखित वाक्यों में शब्दों को ठीक क्रम में रखकर सही वाक्य बनाइए-)
1. Work lest hard you fail should.
2. Everyone obey should elders his.
3. He went Delhi to yesterday.
4. Ram everyday to school goes.
5. Birds the of flock same feathers together the.
6. Waste not do time.
7. Difficult it is understand question the to.
8. Sun rises the east in the.
Answers:
1. Work hard lest you should fail.
2. Everyone should obey his elders.
3. He went to Delhi yesterday.
4. Ram goes to school everyday.
5. The birds of the same feathers flock together.
6. Do not waste time.
7. It is difficult to understand the question.
8. The sun rises in the east.
Exercise 1
Arrange the following words in their proper order to make sentences in the Simple Present Tense:
(निम्नलिखित शब्दों को उपयुक्त क्रम में रखकर Simple Present Tense में वाक्य बनाइए – )
1. People/football/all over the world/play.
2. The cobbler/old shoes/repairs.
3. Bees/from the flowers/honey/collect.
4. The cow/milk/us/gives.
5. My English teacher/his students/loves.
6. Writes/an author/books.
7. Dresses/hair/a barber.
8. Carefully/drives/he/his scooter.
9. Loves/my father/plants and flowers.
10. ArchitЛletters/writes/on Sunday only.
Exercise 2
Arrange the following words in the proper order so as to make sentences in the Present Continuous Tense:
(निम्नलिखित शब्दों को उपयुक्त क्रम में रखकर Present Continuous Tense में वाक्य बनाइए – )
1. The sun/today/not shining/is/because of the clouds.
2. Tina/these days/not coming/is/to school/because she is ill.
3. A letter/am writing/I.
4. My brother/a novel/is reading/these days.
5. This fire/going out/is.
6. Kushagra/the car/lying under/is.
7. You/the truth/are not speaking.
8. At 2000 feet/is flying/the helicopter.
9. Now/is resting/mother.
10. A terrible noise/his car/is making.